Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles from Triticum Aestivum L. Extract

INTRODUCTION
Modern technology, or nanotechnology, has a broad range of applications involving the creation of particles or particles with a spectrum of nanoscales. The definition of nanotechnology is an advanced discipline that covers the manufacture, processing, and usage of multiple systems, installations, and devices made up of nano-modules [1,2]. Nanoparticles’ small size, chemical makeup, and surface structure give them special qualities and characteristics. Because of the nanoparticles’ huge surface area and tiny size, which are crucial for bridging the organic and inorganic phases of contaminants, this method is employed in the fabrication of nanomaterials to dispose of water pollutants [3, 4]. Due to its important uses in medical diagnosis and antibacterial coatings, silver nanoparticles have drawn the interest of numerous researchers in recent decades. Additionally, silver nanoparticles’ antibacterial quality makes it possible to use them in a variety of products, including clothes and cosmetics. Silver nanoparticles, out of all the metal nanoparticles, have been examined in great detail due to their amazing mechanical, these characteristics make them suitable for a wide range of uses, including medical ones where they can be used to treat, diagnose, and probe cancer cells. Because of their surface-to-volume ratio and antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles are useful ingredients in a variety of products, including textiles, household goods, and cosmetics. [5,6]. When compared to gold, copper, and other metals, silver metal has a high electrical conductivity, which makes it a great option for making conductive ink. Six Moreover, silver nanoparticle valence electrons show a robust surface SPR (plasmon resonance) at the surface of Ag-Triticum aestivum L NPs [Safe method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles using plant extract]. Under such conditions, a new substance that doesn’t harm the ecosystem more and functions to return environmental conditions to their normal state using natural energy sources like sunlight must be found in order to address the challenge [7–9]. A substance is extracted from a matrix as part of the extraction process. Included are both liquid-liquid and solid-state extraction methods. The two-stage distribution of the solute is described by the partition theory as an equilibrium state. Extraction is determined by the manner in which the decomposer moves from water to the organic layer [10]. The extraction process is based on the spread or fragmentation of the solute between two solvents that are miscible with each other, and this process takes place in a special funnel extraction called a separation funnel. The extraction technique is used to separate one or more substances from each other, and it depends on solubility and miscessation. It is known that solvents dissolve their likenesses. [11–13[In this study, the active plant Triticum aestivum L., which contains phenols and flavonoids among other bioactive components, was used. FTIR, FE-SEM, EDX spectroscopy, and the X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) were employed to analyze the resultant silver particles. We investigated our manufactured Ag-Triticum aestivum L nanoparticles’ co-precipitation technique ability.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
Distilled water was utilized in this research as a solvent to dissolve the initial ingredients. Silver nitrate was added to 200 mL of distilled water to create a solution of AgNO3 (4 mL, 10-4 M), which was then stirred for 30 minutes until no particles were visible. The silver was kept from oxidizing by storing the solution in a dark place.

Prepare Triticum aestivum L extract solution
1. The extract from Triticum aestivum L was chopped into small pieces and cleaned with distilled water.
2. Let these tiny bits of wheat extract dry at 70 °C in the oven.
3-The appropriate amount of 100 milliliters of distilled water was used to dissolve ten grams of the powdered Triticum aestivum L extract.
4- After heating the combination for 10 minutes to 90 °C, it was filtered and stored at approximately 7 °C. To make silver nanoparticles, 20 milliliters of the Triticum aestivum L extract solution and 80 milliliters of the silver nitrate solution were mixed together. This solution was then agitated and allowed to stand at room temperature for six hours. The UV-Vis spectrometer was then used to record the solution’s spectrum. To prepare for XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, and EDX studies, the solution was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 60 minutes. The sample was then dried at 75 °C [14], as seen in Fig. 1.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
When wheat extract is added to silver nitrate, the solution turns yellow. Fig. 1 illustrates how the solution changes to a brownish color after six hours at room temperature, signifying the synthesis of Ag-Triticum aestivum NPs. This alteration indicates that the Triticum aestivum extract reduces the silver ion, resulting in the formation of free Ag, which then expands to form clusters and nanoparticles. Utilizing the UV-1800 series Shimadzu spectrophotometer, the UV visible absorption spectrum was captured to offer additional insights into the Ag-Triticum aestivum nanoparticle synthesis process. 
When comparing the SPR band of the produced solution to that of bulk silver, Triticum aestivum L., it is evident from Fig. 2 that the latter shifted towards a longer wavelength (244,263,306) nm. As a result, the highest absorption wavelength utilized in all tests was 306 nm [15]. This transition can be explained by the way big silver particles develop. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to determine the crystalline nature [16] of the biosynthesized Silver-Triticum aestivum L nanoparticles. The XRD indicates the locations of the 14 peaks as follows: 24.80°, 36.50°, 37.44°, 38.20°, 47.69°, 53.54°, 54.77°, 62.40°, 62.42°, 70.04°, 74.74°, 75.74°, 82.52°, 93.93°, and 94.85°. Refer to Fig. 3.  and proposing the Silver-Triticum aestivum L nanoparticles’ FCC phase structure. The XRD data is used to calculate the size of the silver nanoparticles using Scherrer’s equation.

Crystalline size (D) = where β is the full width at half maximum (in radians), θ is the diffraction angle, and λ is the wavelength of the Cu-Kα X-ray (λ = 1.5406 Å). Debye-Scherrer constant is denoted by K. FT-IR analyses were carried out using Triticum aestivum L extraction to pinpoint the biomolecules in charge of the reduction process that converts Ag ions into Ag-Triticum aestivum L NPs [17].
Fig. 4 shows peaks of 665,621,514,445) cm-1 for (-OH), 1460 cm-1 for (-C=O), 2362 cm-1 for (-C=N-), and 2923, 2854 cm-1 for (-C=C-).
The average size and surface morphology of the generated materials were determined by FE-SEM analysis, as shown in Fig. 5a, and b. The produced Ag-Triticum aestivum L nanoparticles had diameters of 52.14, 72.89, and 87.46.96.16 nm, according to the FE-SEM pictures. This is because Ag-Triticum aestivum L NPs are kept from aggregating by the Ag-Triticum aestivum extract, which functions as a capping agent [18]. Based on the FE-SEM images, the average diameter of Ag-Triticum aestivum L particles was determined to be approximately 77.16 nm.
The presence of the Ag-Triticum aestivum L NPs was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray dispersive spectroscopy, or EDX. The Ag-Triticum aestivum L NPs nanocrystal line exhibits strong and precise diffraction peaks, indicating good crystallinities. The EDX spectra of the pure Ag-Triticum aestivum L NPs reveal the presence of only C, O, P, S, and Cland Ag. Table 1, provides a semi-quantitative assessment of the atomic concentration (atom%). It indicates that the products’ Ag-Triticum aestivum L NPs element content is (33.0, 24.5, 1.5, 0.4, 3.8, 3.0, and 36.8) for Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Phosphor (P), Sulphur (S), Chlorine (Cl), and Silver (Ag). 
Fig. 6 displays the EDX data. It is clear from this that the weight ratios of Ag-Triticum aestivum L NPs were 32.0, 1.0, 0.3, 2.3, and 7.1%, in that order. The sample had all of the required phases of Ag, according to the EDX analysis, and the Ag-Triticum aestivum L NPs that were generated were extremely pure. The EDX results from this analysis show similar C, O, P, S, Cl, and Ag ratios that are close to the theoretical values. Ag-Triticum aestivum L NPs samples’ chemical composition is revealed by EDX analysis.  
The produced samples are mostly made up of O, C, Cl, and Ag with very little P and S present, as shown in Fig. 7. 

CONCLUSION
This work involves putting Ag metal onto nano-plant extracts. Ag-Triticum aestivum L nanocomposite preparation using chemical precipitation technique. Identification and investigation of a few uses for Ag-Triticum aestivum L nano extract. Because the extract acts as a capping agent, our produced particles, which have a diameter of (~77.16) nm and a non-uniform shape, do not form huge lamps. Ultimately, Ag-Triticum aestivum LNPs’ XRD, FTIR, FESEM, and EDX data demonstrated that they are crystalline and have an FCC structure.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors are grateful to the University of Karbala, College Eduction for Pure Science for supporting this work through the project: “Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Triticum aestivum L. Extract”.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.