https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/ Journal of Nanostructures en daily 1 Wed, 01 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Wed, 01 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115451.html The effectiveness of light-mediated therapies depends on cancer cells’ optical response. We quantified the concentration-dependent optical behaviour of HCT116 cells exposed to TiO₂ nanoparticles in this study. To evaluate nanoparticle-induced photon propagation dynamics, diffuse reflectance and transmittance measurements in the visible range were taken and absorption coefficients and refractive index values computed. TiO₂ nanoparticle treatment caused a systematic change in optical properties. The absorbance coefficient and refractive index of treated cell suspensions were lower than untreated controls. The optical density of the cellular medium was modulated by nanoparticle concentration, as both the absorption coefficient and refractive index rose with nanoparticle concentration in the treated groups. These findings imply that dose-dependent nanoparticle incorporation alters photon attenuation and transmission routes, potentially affecting cell energy deposition. The measured data was used to theoretically derive quantum-optical parameters like photon energy, extinction coefficient, complex dielectric function, and optical conductivity to better describe light–matter interaction in the nanoparticle-treated cellular medium. Since TiO₂ has photocatalytic and photoactive capabilities, its optical modulation may impact light-based therapies that rely on controlled photon absorption and energy distribution for efficiency. The present study did not assess direct therapeutic endpoints, but the concentration-dependent optical and photonic trends show how engineered nanomaterials can tune cellular light–matter interactions, providing a photonic foundation for future nanoparticle-assisted cancer therapy research. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115452.html We report the synthesis, comprehensive characterization, and biological evaluation of a novel SeNPs@SiO₂ nanocomposite, designed to combine the antimicrobial potency of selenium nanoparticles with the biocompatible, stabilizing influence of a silica scaffold. Se NPs were in situ decorated onto Stöber-derived amorphous SiO₂ microspheres via a two-step reduction-precipitation protocol using sodium selenite and ascorbic acid in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone. The resulting SeNPs@SiO₂ architecture features selenium nanospheres (25–45 nm) uniformly anchored on ≈400–500 nm SiO₂ cores, as revealed by FE-SEM. FT-IR and XRD analyses corroborate successful surface modification and the coexistence of amorphous SiO₂ with crystalline Se. The material’s cytotoxic and antibacterial profiles were evaluated in vitro using HEK-293 cells and clinically relevant bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli). In cytotoxicity assays, Se NPs alone exhibited pronounced, dose-dependent toxicity (IC₅₀ = 53.4 ± 2.1 μg mL⁻¹), whereas SeNPs@SiO₂ displayed a significantly broadened therapeutic window (IC₅₀ = 87.6 ± 3.4 μg mL⁻¹) due to the SiO₂ scaffold moderating Se⁰-associated cytotoxicity. Antibacterial testing showed Superseding activity for SeNPs@SiO₂ (MIC: S. aureus 62.5 μg mL⁻¹; E. coli 125 μg mL⁻¹; MBC values halved relative to bare Se NPs). The observed twofold potency enhancement is attributed to improved dispersion, multivalent interactions, and controlled selenium release, while cytotoxicity remains manageable. This study demonstrates a robust, scalable approach to design safe, efficacious nano-antibacterial agents with potential translational impact. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115453.html This article presents an improvement in the properties of environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and readily available surfaces for use in addressing a significant environmental problem: pollution from dyes generated by various industrial processes. The surface of Iraqi flint clay was acidically activated and used to adsorb methyl orange dye from its aqueous solutions. The clay surface was characterized before and after acid activation using several techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, X-ray disperse energy spectroscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The adsorption of methyl orange dye using flint clay before and after activation was performed in batch system under controlled operating conditions (weight of adsorbent surface, contact time, initial dye concentration, and temperature). The amount of adsorption of methyl orange dye was found to be higher at higher temperatures, with the qe value for the raw clay being 45 mg/g and for the activated clay qe value of 30 mg/g. The process data were analyzed kinetically and found to follow the pseudo-second order kinetic model, while the process data were analyzed isothermically and found to follow the Freundlich isotherm model. The thermodynamic functions of the adsorption process were assigned and found to be a non-spontaneous, endothermic, and random process on the raw clay, while it became more spontaneous, random, and endothermic, reflecting the success of the acid activation process in improving the efficiency of the Iraqi flint clay surface in removing the methyl orange dye from its aqueous solutions. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115454.html This study reports a facile, entirely green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) using an aqueous extract of Artemisia annua leaves as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. The bioreduction of sodium selenite yielded quasi-spherical, crystalline nanoparticles with an average diameter of 38 ± 7 nm, as confirmed by TEM and XRD analysis. FT-IR and TGA investigations revealed the formation of a substantial phytochemical corona (15–20% by mass), comprising polyphenols and flavonoids from the extract, which is responsible for colloidal stability and surface functionality. The biosynthesized Se NPs exhibited potent, broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, demonstrating bactericidal action with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 25 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and 50 µg/mL against Escherichia coli. Furthermore, the Se NPs functioned as an efficient visible-light photocatalyst, degrading 94.7% of methylene blue within 120 minutes (rate constant *k* = 0.0221 min⁻¹) and maintaining 88.3% efficiency over three reuse cycles. The dual functionality is attributed to the synergistic interplay between the narrow-bandgap trigonal selenium core and the bioactive capping layer. This work establishes a sustainable protocol for fabricating multifunctional Se NPs with significant potential in antimicrobial applications and environmental remediation. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115455.html Synthetic dyes are toxic, cancer-causing, and mutagenic, which makes water pollution a big environmental problem. This study synthesised a novel xanthan gum-grafted-poly(polyvinylpyrrolidone-co-acrylic acid-acrylamide) [XG-g-poly(PVP-co-AA-AAm)] nanohydrogel for the removal of Brilliant Green (BG) cationic dye using free radical graft copolymerisation. The XRD study showed an amorphous structure with semi-crystalline peaks at 19.18°, 20.68°, and 23.38°. These peaks were linked to xanthan gum, PVP, and polyacrylamide. FTIR confirmed that the grafting worked and found the functional groups (–OH, –CONH₂, –COO⁻) that were responsible for binding the dye. The post-adsorption bands at 1514, 1712, and 1165 cm⁻¹ show that BG was absorbed by electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding. Decomposition started at 234.3°C, and TGA/DTA was thermally stable at Tg = 79°C. FESEM indicated that the surfaces changed shape following adsorption, going from smooth (d = 75.4 nm) to spherical dye nanoparticle-covered surfaces (d=29.7–162.7 nm). The nanohydrogel could hold 37.33 mg/g and remove 93.34% of what it was supposed to in 90 minutes when the conditions were just right (C₀ = 200 mg/L, dose = 0.005 g, natural pH, T=30°C). The pseudo-second-order model (R²=1.000) in kinetics proved that chemisorption was real. Weber-Morris forecasted the influence of boundary layer diffusion (C = 36.34 mg/g). The best fit equilibrium data using the Freundlich isotherm indicated heterogeneous multilayer adsorption. Thermodynamic studies showed that adsorption was spontaneous (ΔG° < 0), endothermic (ΔH° > 0), and unexpected (ΔS° > 0). When we used NaCl, KCl, and CaCO₃ to test ionic strength, they all worked well even though there were other electrolytes. These studies indicate that nanohydrogel is an environmentally favourable adsorbent for cationic dye-contaminated wastewater. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115469.html A novel Schiff base ligand (2E,3E)-3-((6-(((1E,2E)-1,2-diphenyl-2-(thiazol-2-ylimino) ethylidene) amino)pyridin-2-yl)imino)butan-2-one oxime derived from thiazol-2-amine was synthesized through a three-step procedure involving sequential condensation reactions of 2,6-diaminopyridine with diacetyl monoxime (compound A), followed by reaction with benzil (compound B), and finally with thiazol-2-amine to yield the target ligand (SBTOx-OH). A nano complex of the above ligand was prepared by reacting it with gold(III) chloride dissolved in ethanol. The ligand (SBTOx-OH) and its gold(III) complex were characterized using spectroscopic techniques including FTIR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, atomic absorption, in addition to melting point determination, molar conductivity, elemental microanalysis (C.H.N), and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The complex was prepared in a 1:1 (M:L) ratio. The combined results of these measurements support that the geometry of the gold(III) complex is square planar. The cytotoxic activity of the ligand and its gold complex was evaluated against breast cancer cells (MCF-7), with a selectivity index (SI) of approximately 1.16 relative to normal human dermal fibroblast cells (HdFn). Although the gold complex exhibited a marginally lower IC₅₀ against MCF-7 (111.2 μg/mL) compared to the free ligand (122.86 μg/mL), the free ligand displayed a more favorable selectivity index (SI = 3.35 vs. 1.16). The modest SI of the gold complex indicates limited preferential toxicity toward cancer cells, and further structural optimization is required to improve the therapeutic window. It should be noted that no positive control drug was included in the cytotoxicity assay, which represents a limitation of the current study. Molecular docking against the EGFR tyrosine kinase (PDB: 3DKF) indicated moderate binding affinities for the synthesized compounds, though the correlation between docking scores and experimental cytotoxicity was not straightforward. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115470.html A novel ligand, (E)-2-(2-(benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)hydrazono)-1,2-diphenylethan-1-ol (BHDPE), was synthesized via a two-step procedure. In the first step, the intermediate compound (A), 2-hydrazinylbenzo[d]oxazole, was prepared by reacting 2-mercaptobenzoxazole with hydrazine hydrate in an ethanolic medium. In the second step, the BHDPE ligand was obtained by condensation of intermediate (A) with benzoin. The Ni(II) complex was synthesized in a 1:2 metal-to-ligand molar ratio. The Ni(II) complex was determined to possess an octahedral geometry. The structural elucidation of the ligand and its complex was accomplished using FT-IR, ¹H-³C NMR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, in conjunction with molar conductivity measurements, elemental analysis (CHN), atomic absorption spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility studies. The synthesized compounds exhibited significant antibacterial activity against selected bacterial strains and notable antioxidant capacity against free radicals. The BHDPE ligand and    Nickel (II) complex exhibited high toxicity against MCF-7 with high different values between IC50 against infection cells and healthy cells Furthermore, molecular docking studies revealed favorable binding affinity of the synthesized compounds toward the target protein (3FC2). The ligand exhibited a particularly strong binding affinity, indicative of a stable interaction with the active site of the target protein. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115475.html The present work investigates the adsorption kinetics and pH-responsive behaviour of malachite green (MG) dye onto a novel pectin/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) nano-hydrogel synthesized via free-radical copolymerization. The nano-hydrogel was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and BET surface area measurements. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of adsorbent dosage (0.006–0.06 g), contact time (1–150 min), and solution pH (2–10) on MG removal efficiency. The optimum adsorbent weight was found to be 0.008 g, yielding an adsorption capacity of 596.04 mg/g with 95.37% removal efficiency. Kinetic analysis revealed that the pseudo-second-order model provided the best fit (R² ≈ 1.000; RMSE = 0.89 mg/g) with a calculated equilibrium capacity of 605.13 mg/g, suggesting chemisorption as the rate-controlling mechanism. The Weber–Morris intraparticle diffusion model indicated a two-stage process involving rapid surface adsorption followed by gradual pore diffusion. The point of zero charge (pHPZC) was determined at pH 4.2, explaining the enhanced adsorption capacity observed at higher pH values where the surface acquires a net negative charge. MG adsorption increased from 515.21 mg/g at pH 2 to 608.96 mg/g at pH 10, confirming electrostatic attraction as a dominant mechanism. Regeneration studies demonstrated that the nano-hydrogel retained 87.8% of its initial adsorption capacity after five adsorption–desorption cycles using 0.1 M HCl/50% ethanol eluent. Furthermore, the adsorbent maintained >79% removal efficiency in simulated industrial wastewater containing competing ions and organic co-contaminants.  https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115476.html Water pollution caused by synthetic dyes continues to attract serious attention from environmental researchers, particularly because many of these compounds are toxic, non-biodegradable, and remain in aquatic systems for long periods of time. This study developed a nanocomposite hydrogel utilising graphene oxide and a copolymer of acrylic acid and maleic anhydride, designated as GO/P(AA-MA), through free radical polymerisation. Its efficacy as an adsorbent for Fuchsin Basic (FB), a cationic dye commonly used in the textile industry and biological staining, was assessed. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to study the synthesised material. These tests showed that GO was successfully added to the polymer matrix and that the material had a rough, porous shape that was good for dye uptake. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent mass, pH, ionic strength, and temperature on the adsorption behaviour. Kinetic data fitted the pseudo-second-order model very well (R² > 0.99), while equilibrium data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm, giving a maximum monolayer capacity of about 285 mg g⁻¹ at 298 K. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the process is spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy-driven. The adsorbent was further tested over five adsorption–desorption cycles with only a modest loss of efficiency, which suggests that GO/P(AA-MA) is a promising and reusable material for the treatment of dye-contaminated water. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115477.html Hydrogels were synthesized via free-radical polymerization using sodium-g-poly(acrylamide-crotonic acid) alginate, with reactant concentrations optimized using the Taguchi method. Furthermore, a nano-hydrogel was prepared by adding silica nanoparticles. The hydrogel and nanocomposite were characterized using FTIR, FESEM-EDX, TEM, XRD, TGA, and BET-BJH spectroscopy. The study focused on the removal of lead (Pb²⁺) ions from aqueous solutions. The maximum adsorption capacity was 243.667 mg/g at 35 °C, and the adsorption kinetics were found to be consistent with a pseudo-second-order reaction model. Moreover, the adsorption of lead (Pb²⁺) ions followed Freundlich and Temkin isothermic patterns. The Pb²⁺ removal study at different temperatures (5, 15, 25, and 35 °C) demonstrated that the adsorption process is primarily a physical one. Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, entropy, and equilibrium constant were calculated. In this study, we investigated the effects of both temperature and pH. The results showed that with increasing pH and temperature, adsorption efficiency increased, consistent with the endothermic nature of the process, which was spontaneous. The Pb²⁺ removal efficiency was verified after washing the adsorbent with sodium hydroxide, and the results were very encouraging, even after five washes. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113814.html The variation of temperature is considered a very important parameter in the co-precipitation synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). However, the role of temperature in the synthesis of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) MNPs and the investigation of its effect on magnetic hyperthermia have received less attention. Here, CoFe2O4 MNPs are synthesized at three temperatures (80, 100, and 120 °C) using a co-precipitation approach. Changing the synthesis temperature increases the size of the MNPs in a way that increases the coercivity and significantly reduces the contribution of superparamagnetic particles. First-order reversal curve (FORC) analysis shows that the synthesis at 120 °C leads to a mixture of single-domain and superparamagnetic MNPs, whereas the temperature of 80 °C reduces the formation of single-domain MNPs with less uniformity. To evaluate hyperthermia properties, MNP ferrofluids with different concentrations (1, 3, and 5 mg/ml) are prepared and examined under a frequency of 400 kHz and a magnetic field intensity of 400 Oe. The maximum specific loss power (SLP) for MNPs synthesized using the synthesis temperature of 80 °C is obtained to be 261.3 W/g. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115478.html Acetaminophen (APAP), which is safe at therapeutic levels, is a major cause of drug-induced hepatotoxicity globally. In this study, curcumin nanoparticles (Cur-NPs) were tested for their cytotoxic and antioxidant effects on HepG2 hepatic cells after APAP injury. Nanoprecipitation produced Cur-NPs, which were characterised by FTIR, XRD, and FESEM. FTIR shows curcumin’s functional groups, while XRD shows a semi-crystalline structure with much lower peak intensities than bulk curcumin. Spherical nanoparticles with 60–90 nm diameters were seen in FESEM micrographs. After pretreatment with Cur-NPs (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 µg/mL), HepG2-cells were subjected to 20 mM APAP over 24 hours. MTT assay-measured cell viability revealed dose-dependent protection, peaking at 40 µg/mL Cur-NPs. Pretreated groups had dramatically restored antioxidant biomarkers SOD, GSH, and MDA to near-control levels. Based on bioavailability and cellular uptake, Cur-NPs appear to reduce APAP-induced oxidative damage and promote hepatic cell survival more than free curcumin. Before clinical translation, Cur-NPs must be validated in vivo, but these in vitro results suggest hepatoprotection. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115479.html In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNps) were successful synthesized using honey as antural, ecofriendly, cost effective and stabilizing agent. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed using several characterization techniques included (UV)visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results indicated that the synthesized AgNps were stable, solid and uniformly distributed, these finding suggest that honey can be effectively used as a green alternative for synthesis silvers nanoparticles. The antibacterial efficacy of the biosynthesized AgNPs was examined against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizing the agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. The findings demonstrated significant antibacterial efficacy against both bacterial types. The antibiofilm efficacy of AgNPs was assessed via the crystal violet microtiter plate assay, revealing a substantial decrease in biofilm development in a concentration dependent manner. The synergistic antibacterial and antibiofilm results demonstrate that honey-mediated AgNPs possess significant antimicrobial efficacy. The results indicate that biosynthesized AgNPs may be viable candidates for biomedical applications, especially in the prevention of biofilm-associated illnesses and the creation of antimicrobial coatings. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115482.html This work investigates the non-linear optical properties of thin films composed of an organic laser three-dye combination (Fluorescein, Eosin-Y and Rhodamine B) doped with PMMA polymer and incorporating (Ag, Cu, and SiO2) nanoparticles dissolved in chloroform solvent at room temperature, The thin films were prepared by drop-casting dye solutions at a concentration of 10-3 M. The absorption spectra were recorded in the (300-800) nm range. X-ray analysis was utilized to determine the structure and composition of materials. Where the(Mix+ PMMApolymer +Ag nanoparticles) exhibited the highest crystallinity. The AFM assay results for thin films after deposition of the polymer-based dye mixture and nanomaterial’s revealed that as the film thickness increased, the surface roughness and average diameter increased, thus increasing the linear absorbance, which in turn increased the nonlinear absorption coefficient. The nonlinear optical parameters, including the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) and nonlinear refractive index (n₂), were measured using the open- and closed-aperture Z-scan technique. The open-aperture results confirmed that the saturable absorption was present in all thin films. Strong nonlinear optical responses were observed, with a linear dependence of the nonlinear refractive index on the nonlinear phase shift. The results suggest that the prepared films are suitable for use as an active laser medium and in optoelectronic application. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113817.html TCD of CH4 is suggested as a green and economical method for H2 production. In the present research, 30wt%Ni/MgO catalysts with different amounts of the cooper were prepared by a one-step hydrothermal technique to investigate the performance of the promoted catalysts on methane decomposition for producing hydrogen. The 30wt%Ni-nwt%Cu/MgO (n = 5, 15, 25) catalysts exhibited a mesoporous structure with high porosity. XRD analysis showed the formation of CuO and NixCu(1-x)O species after the calcination of catalysts. Adding Cu to Ni/MgO catalysts improved the performance of catalytic because of increased methane adsorption, better distribution of Ni particles in the catalyst structure, and decreased degree of reducibility. The results confirmed that the Ni-Cu/MgO catalysts indicated the best performance at 625 °C. The 5, 15, and 25% Cu-promoted catalysts results showed the CH4 conversions are 47.8, 58.7, and 42.3%, and H2 yields are 48, 57.8, and 42%, respectively. Among the catalysts, 30wt%Ni-15wt%Cu/MgO catalyst exhibited the highest stability (above 52% hydrogen yield to 350 min) and efficiency. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115483.html The manufacture of nanoparticles using plant extracts is an important and useful biological process compared to other manufacturing methods. The reason for this is that the biological or green nanotechnology method where there is no problem in maintaining and preserving plant cell cultures, so there is no fear of mutation in the preparation medium, as is the case with bacterial or fungal cultures. It is also easy to prepare and manufacture, usually in a few quick steps, and is inexpensive. The aim of this research was to find a safer, more environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and harmless method of synthesizing silver nanoparticles from Rosmarinusofficinalis extract and using them as a fungicide. The nanoparticles (silver nanoparticles) were Biosynthesized by using the aqueous extract of the rosemary plant and using it as a biological agent to reduce silver nitrate to nano-sized silver ions, by distilling the plant extract on the silver nitrate solution and observing the color change process, which indicates the formation of silver nanoparticles. Scientific tests confirming the green manufacturing process were conducted. Silver nanoparticles were then used as a fungicide in the laboratory for fungi that produce certain mycotoxins. Silver nanoparticles can be synthesized from R. officinalis leaf extract. The silver nanoparticles appeared to have a semi-pyramidal shape with a size of 63.65 nm when examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy showed a peak at a wavelength of 345 nm, while X-ray diffraction showed four distinct diffraction peaks that matched the standard with which it was compared. The Atomic Force Microscopy examination showed that the size of the surface topography was 29.65 nanometers. Test results showed the effectiveness of three concentrations of silver (Ag) nanoparticles on certain pathogenic fungi that produce mycotoxins. The results of the experiment demonstrated the effectiveness of these nanoparticles. was very high in inhibiting the studied fungal species on PDA medium. It was observed that the percentage of inhibition increased with increasing concentrations, as the inhibition results at the concentration (ppm /L 100) of silver nanoparticles showed 100% complete inhibition with the two species Aspergillusnigerand Fusariumsolani, while 73.3% inhibition was observed for the same concentration with F. verticillioides. The study confirmed that the biosynthesis of nanoparticles through the use of plant extracts is a safe, fast, inexpensive and effective method. The study showed that nanoparticles prepared from rosemary extracts can be used as an antifungal agent against mycotoxins in the laboratory, with an inhibition rate of 100%. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113818.html ZnO/activated carbon nanocomposites (ZnO/ACns) were synthesized by applying two different solid-state and precipitation method. Precipitation method was run out with zinc chloride and sodium hydroxide as starting materials in the presence of activated carbon. The synthesized sample was calcined at 250 °C for 1 h. The preparation of nanocomposite by solid-state method was accomplished by heating a mixture of ZnCl2 and activated carbon at 250 °C for 1 h, leading to the formation of ZnO particles on the surface. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Photocatalytic activity of these ZnO/acnes was evaluated by the degradation of methyl orange under UV-light radiation. The SEM images of samples show that the agglomerations of particles are much less in solid-state method prepared samples. The results of EDS indicate that the ratio of Zn/C in the pure activated carbon and nanocomposites prepared by solid-state and precipitation methods were 0, 1.7 and 3.7 % (W/W), respectively. The XRD of the samples clearly shows that the sample prepared by the above routes has ZnO structures. Finally, ZnO/ACn prepared by the solid-state method showing better photocatalytic efficiency against methyl orange dye than composites made by precipitation method. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115484.html The rapid expansion of green nanotechnology has driven renewed interest in environmentally safe approaches for producing biomedical nanomaterials. Among these, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have attracted considerable attention due to their biocompatibility, chemical stability, and notable anticancer properties. Their nanoscale dimensions enhance cellular interactions and promote selective toxicity toward malignant cells, making them promising candidates for therapeutic development. In this study, ZnONPs were synthesized using an aqueous extract of Urtica pilulifera leaves as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, alkaloids, and terpenoids, all of which contributed to nanoparticle formation. The synthesized particles were characterized using FE-SEM to verify their optical, structural, and morphological features, UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, and. Cytotoxic effects were evaluated against U87 glioblastoma cells using the MTT assay. Characterization revealed that the ZnONPs were spherical, crystalline, and coated with phytochemicals from the plant extract. Biological assays demonstrated a concentration-dependent reduction in U87 cell viability, accompanied by clear apoptotic indicators such as cell shrinkage and membrane disruption. The findings highlight the strong anticancer potential of green-synthesized ZnONPs, emphasizing their suitability as eco-friendly and effective agents for future applications in nanomedicine. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115485.html In this work, a 1:1 molar ratio of TiO2 and barium salts was used to prepare a BaTiO3 nanocomposite. A precursor solution was prepared through the chemical precipitation method and then hydrothermally treated to achieve different morphologies and structural forms of the nanocomposite. X-ray diffraction, which was used for structural characterization, demonstrated that the nanocomposite had an average particle size of approximately 56 nm and validated its crystalline nature. Surface morphology and particle size were assessed through scanning electron microscopy. The elemental composition and weight percentages of constituent elements were also determined by employing energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to confirm the effective synthesis of the nanocomposite. These results were then compared with the anticipated theoretical values. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113821.html The graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and its nanostructure have been used in the present work as the free metal catalysts for oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuel. Carbon nitride nanosheets (CNNs) were prepared via thermal exfoliation of the bulk g-C3N4 at 500℃ as an efficient approach. The structure and morphology of the synthesized samples were characterized by various techniques including XRD, FTIR, Raman Spectroscopy, FESEM, EDS, TEM and N2 adsorption–desorption and the results of these analyses confirmed that they have been successfully constructed. The factors affecting on the activity of the catalysts were studied through the Box-Behnken design as the subset of response surface methodology. It was found that CNNs had higher efficiency compared with the bulk g-C3N4. Under the optimal process conditions at H2O2 to sulfur (O/S) molar ratio of 8, temperature of 66℃, reaction time of 1h and catalyst dosage 0.12 g, 63.76% of sulfur compounds were removed from diesel oil with initial sulfur content of 5160 ppm S. Furthermore, the CNNs showed great reusability in ten cycles without significant activity reduction. Since the preparation method of g-C3N4 with suitable performance is effective and facile, CNNs can be considered to be applicable for desulfurization of real fuels in industries. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115486.html This study deals with the preparation of new metal oxide materials derived from metal precursors using a low-cost sustainable green synthesis approach based on natural plant extracts. The preparation process involved the formation of powders of metal oxides by the precipitation method by adding Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) to Ionic aqueous solutions containing zinc chloride  and manganese chloride. Different weight ratios of mineral precursors have been used to study the effect of chemical composition on the synthetic and functional properties of the resulting materials. After that, the prepared mixtures were subjected to heat treatment inside an electric oven to obtain powders of (ZnO) and manganese oxide (MnO). The final weight composition of the prepared materials was approximately 38% by weight of ZnO and 62% by weight of MnO, depending on the stoichiometric conversion of the initial salts to their corresponding oxides. The compositional, morphological and compositional characteristics of the prepared sample were studied using a number of advanced analysis techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy X-ray scattering spectroscopy (EDS). The FT-IR results confirmed the formation of the characteristic metal-oxygen bonds indicative of the formation of ZnO and MnO, while the FESEM images showed a morphological structure at the nanoscale with a heterogeneous distribution of particles influenced by the mechanism of green synthesis adopted in the preparation. The EDS analysis also confirmed the presence of the basic elements of zinc, manganese and oxygen inside the formed structure with a noticeable absence of impurities https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115487.html A new family of nanocrystalline copper(II) bis(keto-imino) complexes bearing the chlorinated Schiff-base ligand (Z)-ethyl 4-chloro-3-(phenylimino)butanoate (EClN) was synthesized and structurally characterized at the nanoscale. The parent complex CuEClN was prepared by condensation of EClN with copper(II) acetate, then five-coordinate adducts CuEClN-py, CuEClN-bpy, CuEClN-C₁V⁺.PF₆⁻ and CuEClN-V₂²⁺.2PF₆⁻ were obtained through axial coordination of pyridine, 4,4ʹ-bipyridine, mono-methyl viologen hexafluorophosphate (C₁V⁺.PF₆⁻) and propylene-bridged bis-viologen bis(hexafluorophosphate) (V₂²⁺.2PF₆⁻). The compounds were identified by FT-IR, LC-MS, UV-Visible and TGA analyses. Powder X-ray diffraction confirmed the crystalline character of every compound, and crystallite sizes were quantified in the nanoscale (range ≈ 6 – 81 nm) by both Scherrer and Williamson–Hall (W–H) models. The W–H analysis simultaneously delivered the lattice-strain (ε) and revealed that bulky charged axial viologens generate the strongest distortion (ε = 1.56 × 10⁻³ for CuEClN-V₂²⁺.2PF₆⁻), whereas the small, flexible parent ligand EClN gives the most ordered lattice. FE-SEM micrographs corroborated the XRD trend: chlorinated viologen complexes display sub-10 µm aggregates with finer secondary particles. UV-Visible spectra in DMF/DMSO show the d–d transitions expected for square-planar (CuEClN) and square-pyramidal (adducts) geometries. Chemical reduction of the viologen-bearing complexes by activated zinc and electrochemical reduction by cyclic voltammetry in DMF (under Ar) furnished, respectively, intermolecular π-dimers (CuEClNC₁V•)₂ and an intramolecular bis-viologen π-dimer within CuEClNV₂, monitored by characteristic absorption bands at ≈ 380 nm and ≈ 554–560 nm. The reversibility upon air re-oxidation establishes these nanocrystalline complexes as redox-triggered molecular switches and promising candidates for nano-electronic and smart-material applications. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115488.html This study investigated the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using the aqueous leaf extract of Dombeya wallichii as a plant-based source of reducing and stabilizing agents. The synthesized ZnO-NPs were examined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy in order to confirm their formation and evaluate their main physicochemical characteristics. The biological activity of the aqueous leaf extract and the green-synthesized ZnO-NPs was assessed through antioxidant and cytotoxicity assays. The antioxidant potential was measured using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, whereas cytotoxic activity was evaluated by the MTT assay against human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and normal mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10). The obtained results showed that both treatments produced concentration-dependent effects. However, ZnO-NPs showed higher free radical scavenging activity and stronger inhibitory effects against MCF-7 cells than the crude plant extract. Their effect on MCF-10 cells was comparatively lower, which may indicate a selective action toward cancer cells. Based on these findings, the aqueous leaf extract of D. wallichii appears to be a suitable natural medium for the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs. The resulting nanoparticles showed promising antioxidant and anticancer properties, suggesting their potential value as bioactive nanomaterials for further breast cancer-related investigations. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113824.html The increase of new materials to liquids can effectively improve the function conduction capacity of the working liquid. In this paper, graphene quantum dots were prepared by diffusing graphene quantum dots in deionized water using the ultrasonic oscillation method, thus preparing water-based graphene quantum dots nanofluid. Then, by setting deionized water and water-based graphene quantum dot polymer material liquid and magnanimous fractions of 0.070%, 0.140% and 0.420% as different experimental groups, the physical stability, rheological properties, thermodynamic properties, optical properties and corrosion characteristics were investigated with the help of experimental apparatus. In the experimentally selected incorporation range, the transmission flux of the prepared water-based graphene quantum dot suspension samples was 0, and the scattering was also almost constant to 0. The viscosity cornerstone current mursch quantum dot polymer material liquid was essentially the same as that of deionized water when the mass fractions were 0.070% and 0.140%. The water-based graphene quantum dot nanofluid was able to inhibit the corrosion of steel. Adding a small amount of graphene quantum dots to deionized water can significantly improve the power transmission proportion base fluid, with the most increase of about 27.5%. The study of the properties of cornerstone current mursch gion spot polymer material liquid strongly demonstrates its great potential as a new fluid heat transfer workpiece. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115489.html Herein, the synthesis of a novel eco-friendly hydrogel composite was carried out using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) and methacrylic acid (MAA) as major monomers to produce free radical polymerization combined with modified bentonite. Both PMAA added functional groups and increased the density of functional groups on the surface for more efficient reaction kinetics with AAP, while sodium-modified bentonite also significantly improved BET surface area, cation-exchange capacity (CEC), and structural integrity – all contributing to a clearly defined porous structure containing abundant active sites. FTIR, XRD, BET, FE-SEM and TGA were used to characterize the composite and confirm its structural, chemical and morphological properties. The influence of varying adsorbent dosage, contact time, solution pH and temperature were evaluated through batch adsorption tests for its removal on the crystal violet (CV) dye. Through optimization of parameters such as pH (pH = 8) and equilibrium time (t = 72 h), a maximum adsorption capacity of the hydrogel was reached, equal to 140.56 mg·g⁻¹, whereas the optimal removal efficiencies towards toxic metals were computed at T = 5°C. Results obtained from adsorption data fitted the Langmuir isotherm and suggested monolayer chemisorption on a homogenous surface. Thermodynamic calculation indicated ΔS° = −9.108 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹, ΔG° = +2.523 kJ·mol⁻¹ and ΔH° = −10.485 kJ·mol⁻¹ that presented the moderate spontaneity and exothermic reaction stage during the crystallization process. The PMAA/SCMC/modified bentonite hydrogel shows a good structural property and an exceptional adsorption stability for CV dye, as proved by above mentioned findings. In summary, this composite exhibited a potential clean adsorbent for high performance wastewater treatment. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115494.html The study examined the impact of ZnO and Fe₂O₃-nanoparticles on growth, metabolite buildup, and antioxidant enzyme activity in three sweet basil cultivars (Ocimum basilicum L.). A factorial randomised complete block arrangement was duplicated three times in the 2025 season study. ZnO-NPs and Fe₂O₃-NPs were foliar sprayed on Dark Opal, Genovese, and Cinnamon basil cultivars at 0, 50, 100, and 150mg.L⁻¹; nanomaterials were characterised using SEM and XRD. Increased plant height, leaf number, shoot biomass, and chlorophyll levels were observed with both nanoparticle types, with the most consistent morphological benefits across cultivars at 100mg.L⁻¹ ZnO-NPs. After treatment, carbohydrates, proteins, and free amino acids increased significantly. Fe₂O₃-NPs at 100mg.L⁻¹ significantly increased secondary metabolism, including phenolics, flavonoids, and essential oils. CAT, POD, and SOD activities increased in treated plants, and GC-MS profiling showed bioactive chemical variations between treatments and cultivars. While cultivar x treatment interaction was significant for most variables, Dark Opal was the most responding cultivar. The study suggests that foliar sprays of ZnO-NPs and Fe₂O₃-NPs can improve the growth and phytochemical value of sweet basil, potentially for medicinal plant production. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115495.html The Cu2Zn1-xCrxSnS4 (x=0- 1) compound was synthesized by sol-gel method in order to modulate the structural and morphological characteristics of the compound. XRD studies revealed that there is small variation of lattice constants with slight distortion in crystal structure due to partial substitution (Cr) which confirms the successful entrance of Cr2+ ions into the Cu2ZnSnS4 lattice. While Raman confirmed the formation of a pure Cu2ZnSnS4 phase with slight peak shifting due to the substitution, FESEM images demonstrated that the particle size ranged in the nanoscale with a regular surface distribution. Photoluminescence measurements indicate that increasing chromium content causes changes in the optical bandgap, potentially leading to modifications in the optical properties. Meanwhile, magnetic analysis confirms that increasing chromium content directly affects the magnetic properties of the compound, causing it to shift from paramagnetic to weakly magnetic behaviour. The results show that the optical and magnetic properties of the Cu2ZnSnS4 compound can be changed by replacing zinc with chromium, which enhances its use in photocatalysis and thin-film solar cells. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113827.html In this study, infrared stealth fabric was prepared by a coating VO2/WO3 nanocomposite as a thermal camouflage pigment. WO3 nanoparticles were prepared by electrical discharge in liquid, and the VO2/WO3 nanocomposite was synthesized by a hydrothermal process with glycerin. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD results showed that both components had a monoclinic crystal structure. The SEM results showed that the WO3 nanoparticles were 42±7 nm in size, and the nanocomposite had a multidirectional quasi-plate morphology. In addition, infrared emission was investigated using a thermal camera and an infrared temperature sensor. The results of the thermal camera test showed that by adding VO2/WO3 nanocomposite to fabric, the temperature read by the camera could be reduced from 48°C to 28°C. This indicates that the VO2/WO3 nanocomposite can be used as a thermal camouflage pigment and can disrupt infrared emission-detection systems. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115496.html The work in this paper describes the preparation and characterization of a new Silver (I) complex that is bonded with a Schiff Base Ligand synthesized from Diacetylmonoxime. A full range of analytical techniques have been used to determine fully the structure and the physical properties of both the ligand and the resultant complex. These include FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H and 13C NMR Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry and Elemental Analysis (C, H, N), Crystallographic (X-Ray Diffraction) and Morphological (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy) studies of the solid state complex, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of the solid state complex’s thermal decomposition, and Atomic Absorption, Magnetic Susceptibility, and Molar Conductivity measurements for the determination of the complex’s key physical/chemical parameters. Biological activity, selectivity, and potential therapeutic efficacy of the ligand and the complex was examined in cytotoxicity studies with lung cancer cells (A549) and normal cells (WRL-68). Additionally, we conducted an antioxidant study with the DPPH free radical scavenger assay and compared the results to that of regular ascorbic acid. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113828.html For the reason that trace back compatibility amongst SBS and matrix mineral resin, and put into great play proper changing performance asphalt effect of SBS. In this paper, we choose nano-CaCO3 to carry out composite modification test on SBS modified asphalt, through three major index tests, times pressure form examination, bending creep stiffness examination and temperature scan test. The impression to nano-CaCO3 on the various attribute to SBS changing performance mineral resin at unlike dosing levels was analyzed, and then the reasonable dosing of nano-CaCO3 was recommended. The compatibility of SBS changing performance mineral resin and nano-conforming changing performance mineral resin was also compared and broke down using the dissociation test to verify the hyperthermia holding capacity, microtherm resistance to fracture and water holding capacity of the nano-composite changing performance mineral resin compound. The ending state clearly nano-CaCO3 can significantly make better the hyperthermia representation and anti-aging properties of SBS changing performance mineral resin, and it is recommended that the reasonable amount of nano-CaCO3 in the compound changing performance mineral resin is 4.5%. Contrast with SBS modified asphalt, the dynamic stability of nano compound changing performance mineral resin compound heighten by 25.34%, and the residual stability and Fracture Hardness in Cold Air Elegant Rice heighten by 6.74% and 7.25%, respectively. Thus, the nano-CaCO3-SBS compound changing performance mineral resin and mixes have better overall performance and are more suitable for application in the relatively warm climate of southern China. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115497.html It’s a sustainable and environmentally friendly method for reducing agricultural waste, while in the meantime it helps for the production of additional valuables. The production of ZnO nanoparticles by using green method employing four different Zahidi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) residue aqueous extracts such as kernels, spines, leaflets and fibers are reported in the present investigation. The phytochemical content analyses of the prepared extracts show a variation in secondary metabolites for each extract and are discussed to find its role in the formation of nanoparticles and morphology. Kernels extract exhibited the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents, while leaflet extract showed the highest saponin contents, and spines extract contained the highest alkaloid content. The prepared biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and EDX techniques.Distinct ZnO morphologies were obtained depending on the residues used during synthesis. Kernels extract produced flower-like nanostructures, spines extract generated spherical nanoparticles, leaflet extract formed sheet-like structure, and fiber extract resulted in dense irregular nanostructures. Since all synthesis conditions were maintained constant, the variation in ZnO morphology was mainly attributed to residue-dependent phytochemical differences.  https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115498.html Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were prepared successfully as environmentally friendly colloids that contain high purity and no added chemical agents by using pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) process. Three different types of liquid environments were used for a systematic evaluation in order to assess the physical characteristics: structural, optical, and antibacterial, respectively, of each medium produced by using double-distilled deionized water (DDDW); sodium hydroxide (NaOH); and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements confirmed that all the prepared AuNPs crystallized in a face-centered cubic (FCC) form, with the smallest crystallite sizes measured for NaOH-synthesized nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies indicated spherical and mostly well spread nanoparticles with average diameters of around 25–39 nm. UV–Visible spectroscopy for optical characterization showed strongly marked surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorptions of 356–587 nm with significant variation with the synthesis medium. The optical band gap energies, inferred from Tauc plots, were in the range of 3.8 to 4.7 eV, demonstrating robust coupling upon the size and surface electronic structure of nanoparticles. Antibacterial activity of the prepared AuNPs was measured in Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Streptococcus spp. Although green laser irradiation (532 nm, 300 mW) alone resulted in a relatively modest inhibition in bacterial growth, a significantly better antibacterial effect was demonstrated when laser irradiation coupled with AuNP treatment. The synergy behind this effect is due to laser-induced enhancement of bacterial membrane permeability leading to elevated uptake of nanoparticles and subsequent internal cell damage. The dramatically less bacterial viability was also confirmed by ELISA detection at 405 nm, which once again confirmed the drastic reduction in bacterial viability. In general, the results show that AuNPs, formed by PLAL can demonstrate a high antibacterial activity that could be easily enhanced by laser irradiation. The proposed plasmonic nanoparticle–laser synergy showed promise of PLAL-produced AuNPs for applications in photonic and photothermal antibacterial therapy. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115499.html The current work intended to establish an ecologically friendly method for the manufacture of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) utilizing Hylocereus polyrhizus (dragon fruit) peel aqueous extract and assess their biological potential. Initial phytochemical screening found flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins in the plant extract, suggesting its potential as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. In the present study, UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), atomic force microscopy (AFM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize our biosynthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles. It was found that we have formed nanoparticles that are mainly spherical and display a nanoscale size distribution. Our work revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles have a dose-dependent antioxidant effect in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, achieving 59.33% at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, and also examined their response to multidrug-resistant burn infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Increasing the nanoparticle concentration resulted in larger inhibitory zones, indicating their potential action. Results of biocompatibility testing indicated that the magnesium oxide nanoparticles we synthesized exhibited no hemolytic activity at any of the doses tested, demonstrating excellent biomedical safety. Our work indicates that magnesium oxide nanoparticles, synthesized from dragon fruit peel extract using green methods, exhibit significant antioxidant and antibacterial properties, potentially offering a novel approach to treating burn-infected wounds caused by resistant bacterial strains. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115500.html The application of nanotechnology in cancer therapy has attracted significant attention in recent years. Among various nanomaterials, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have demonstrated promising potential due to their relatively low toxicity toward normal cells, cost-effectiveness, and potential ability to selectively target cancer cells. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory biological activity of silver nanoparticles against two human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Silver nanoparticles were characterized using several analytical techniques including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Energy Dispersion X-ray (EDX), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Filed Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). The characterization results confirmed the successful synthesis of quasi-spherical silver nanoparticles with particle sizes ranging from 30 to 40 nm. The cytotoxic effect of the synthesized AgNPs was investigated using the MTT assay on both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines at six different concentrations. The results indicated a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of silver nanoparticles on both cancer cell lines, with a stronger cytotoxic activity observed against the MDA-MB-231 cell line. These findings highlight the potential of silver nanoparticles as promising anticancer agents against breast cancer cells and support the need for further investigations using more advanced biological models. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115501.html The emergence of nanotechnology has enabled novel strategies for treating parasitic infections, particularly through the use of biosynthesized nanoparticles. This study focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using white mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) extract as a bioreducing and stabilizing agent and evaluates their therapeutic efficacy against Leishmania donovani in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirming their spherical morphology, crystalline structure, and surface plasmon resonance at ~430 nm. Mice were divided into five groups: healthy control, infected control, AgNPs-treated, Pentostam-treated, and AgNPs + Pentostam-treated. Treatment with AgNPs, either alone or in combination with Pentostam, significantly reduced liver and spleen enlargement or restored hematological parameters toward normal levels. The combined treatment showed the most notable therapeutic benefit, indicating a synergistic effect. These findings support the potential of mushroom-mediated AgNPs as a biocompatible and effective adjunct therapy for visceral leishmaniasis, offering a sustainable and less toxic alternative to conventional treatments. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115502.html Polymer-based nanoparticles are colloidal systems composed of either natural or synthetic polymers. Bromocriptine, a semi-synthetic ergot alkaloid, binds to D2 dopamine receptors, decreasing prolactin secretion. It is prescribed for conditions like neuroleptic malignant syndrome, acromegaly, infertility, and hyperprolactinemia. Bromocriptine mesylate has limited water solubility, with gastrointestinal absorption between 28% and 37%. Nevertheless, its oral bioavailability is reduced to about 6% due to first-pass metabolism in the liver. This study aimed to develop and assess a polymeric nanoparticle system containing bromocriptine mesylate to improve its solubility, wettability, dissolution rate, and stability. This would facilitate more efficient delivery of bromocriptine mesylate through a fast-dissolving oral film. The method involved polymeric nanoparticle emulsification and solvent evaporation. Initially, the polymer solution was emulsified in an aqueous nanomaterial phase, then solvent evaporation was performed. PEG400 and poloxamer 188 served as the internal polymers, while Tween 80 functioned as the surfactant to produce the polymeric nanoparticles. The nanoparticle formulated with PEG400 as the internal polymer had a size range of 154 nm to 537 nm. The entrapment efficiency (EE) was tested on the selected formula (F4), which had the smallest particle size, resulting in 92%. Drug release reached 96% within 60 minutes. FTIR analysis showed no changes in the fingerprint region of bromocriptine https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115503.html Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic large intestine inflammatory condition, burdens patients and health systems. Many patients benefit from aminosalicylate, corticosteroid, and biological therapy, although side effects, incomplete response, and relapses limit their long-term usage. Due to these restrictions, nanoparticle-based therapy is gaining popularity as a possible alternative. In this study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesised by reducing HAuCl₄ with sodium citrate. To assess their therapeutic potential, a dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced UC model in BALB/c mice was UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, and FESEM were used to characterise the nanoparticles. FTIR showed citrate capping surface functional groups, XRD signals matched metallic gold’s face-centered cubic structure, and FESEM showed mainly spherical particles with a mean diameter of 25 nm. Oral AuNPs (5 mg/kg/day) were given to mice for 14 days. The disease activity index, colon length, myeloperoxidase activity, and histological grades improved significantly after treatment. Western blotting and ELISA indicated reductions in TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in colonic tissue compared to the untreated colitic group. AuNPs ameliorate experimental UC by inhibiting the NF-κB signalling pathway, suggesting further research as a supplementary treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115504.html Corrosion is a significant chemical and electrochemical process that leads to the degradation of metals through reactions with their environment- including air, moisture, acids, and salts. This occurrence represents a serious industrial and economic issue, causing significant financial losses annually and affecting the soundness of metal structures such as bridges, pipelines, and industrial equipment. In light of the critical need to mitigate corrosion damage, scientific research has prioritized the study of its underlying mechanisms and prevention strategies. Key advancements include the application of corrosion inhibitors, protective coatings, and nanomaterials, all of which have demonstrated significant efficacy in lowering corrosion rates and enhancing the longevity of metallic substrates. In this study, novel nanocomposites were synthesized, beginning with the preparation of 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole [1]. This precursor was obtained through the reaction of NH2NH2.H2O (0.01 mol, 99%) with carbon disulfide (0.02 mol). Subsequently, compound [1] was reacted with chloroacetic acid and anhydrous sodium carbonate in distilled water to yield 2,2’-((1,3,4-thiadiazole-2,5-diyl)bis(sulfanediyl))diacetic acid [2]. To prepare the corresponding acid chloride, compound [2] was treated with thionyl chloride in benzene to produce compound [3]. Finally, the O-chitosan derivative [4] was synthesized via the esterification of chitosan with compound [3] in an acidic aqueous medium, following the Fischer esterification method. O,N-carboxymethyl chitosan [5] was synthesized via the reaction of chitosan with compound [4] in a mixture of chloroform and pyridine. Subsequently, the modified chitosan derivatives [4, 5] were blended with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to yield polymer blends [6, 7]. These blends were further incorporated with copper, silver, or zinc nanoparticles using a hotplate stirrer for three hours to produce nanocomposites [8–13]. The structural and morphological characteristics of the synthesized polymers and composites were characterized using (FTIR), (1H-NMR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Testing the corrosion inhibition of modified CS, modified CS /CMC and nanocomposites on mild steel in 0.1M HCl was conducted by weight loss analysis and electrochemical measurements were used to explore the corrosion inhibition study. The results show that nanocomposites [11-13] have a higher inhibition rate than blended polymer [7], modified CS[5] against the corrosion of carbon steel. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115509.html Herein, we describe the development of a novel colorimetric sensor based on silver nanoparticles decoratively anchored onto a graphene oxide scaffold (AgNPs@GO) for the sensitive and selective determination of cefazolin in complex biological and environmental matrices. The nanocomposite was synthesized through an in-situ citrate-mediated reduction strategy, affording spherical silver nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 18.6 ± 4.2 nm uniformly dispersed across the graphene oxide surface. Comprehensive characterization employing FE-SEM, FT-IR, and XRD confirmed the successful immobilization of highly crystalline, phase-pure silver nanoparticles onto the exfoliated carbon support. The sensor operates on the principle of analyte-induced aggregation, transduced as a ratiometric change in the localized surface plasmon resonance absorption (A₆₅₀/A₄₀₀). Under optimized conditions (pH 7.0, 50 mM NaCl, 12 min incubation, 0.25 mg·mL⁻¹ AgNPs@GO), the probe exhibited a linear response toward cefazolin across the concentration range of 0.5 to 75.0 µM, with a limit of detection of 0.16 µM. The sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity against structurally analogous antibiotics and common coexisting species, with notable tolerance to ionic strength up to 100 mM NaCl. Practical applicability was validated through quantitative recovery of cefazolin from spiked human serum (96.0–98.9%), river water (98.0–99.6%), and wastewater effluent (94.0–97.8%), with results statistically equivalent to those obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography. This AgNPs@GO platform reconciles operational simplicity with robust analytical performance, presenting a compelling alternative to conventional instrumentation for antibiotic monitoring in resource-limited settings. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113837.html In this study, visible-light-driven cobalt ferrite/graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst was successfully synthesized via precipitation technique. Cobalt ferrite were decorated on the surface of as-prepared g-C3N4 nanosheets via the precipitation technique. The structure, morphology, optical, and magnetic properties of the samples were studied by various techniques, The photocatalytic capability was assessed against methylene blue (MB) dye as a model pollutant under visible light irradiation. Compared to pure CoFe2O4 and gC3N4 nanostructures, the cobalt ferrite/graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite showed higher photodegradation of MB. This showes the formation of heterojunction structure at the interface of CoFe2O4 and g-C3N4 leads to improved photocatalytic activity. Additionally, an external magnetic field was able to be used to separate the nanocomposite from the treated solution due to the magnetic properties of the CoFe2O4 component. The present study offers a facile method for designing CoFe2O4/g-C3N4 nanocomposite as a photocatalyst with high efficiency and good separability for environmental remediation applications. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115510.html This analytical study of the functional properties of a PVA/PVP polymer blend incorporated with gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles prepared via laser ablation technique revealed significant quantitative improvements in thermal, electrical, and optical properties. Thermally, thermal conductivity measurements showed a clear increase in samples containing nanoparticles. Sample silver with polymer blend (AgNPs/(PVA/PVP)) recorded the highest value of approximately 1.25×10-2 W/m·oK compared to the Sample pure polymer blend (PVA/PVP), which had a value of about 7.5×10-3 W/m·oK. Electrically, the results showed a substantial increase in the dielectric constant of the composite samples (Au, Ag and Au/Ag NPs with PVA/PVP polymer blend) at low frequencies. The electrical conductivity of the composite samples with polymer blend also increased with increased the applied field frequency, exceeding 2.4×10-4 S/m at high frequencies (5×106 Hz) for sample Au/AgNPs/(PVA/PVP) and jumped from approximately 0.85×10-4 S/m  for the pure polymer blend to about  2.5×10-4 S/m  for sample AuNPs/(PVA/PVP, while it remained low for the pure sample. Optically, the optical transmittance of the composite samples decreased sharply in the visible region, dropping from about 90% for the pure sample to less than 10% at wavelengths around 240-340 nm for all samples. The absorption spectrum also showed a distinct absorption peak around 429 nm, indicating surface plasmon resonance. Furthermore, optical energy gap calculations showed a decrease from about 5.25 eV for the pure sample to approximately 4.5 eV for sample AgNPs/(PVA/PVP) and 4.95 eV for sample Au/AgNPs/(PVA/PVPSuch actual quantitative enhancements unequivocally illustrate the success of the laser process for producing advanced polymeric nanocomposites with enhanced capabilities, making them perfect candidates for use in flexible electronics, optical devices, and energy storage systems. Physical characteristics, PVA/PVP blend, Laser ablation technology, Gold and silver Nanoparticles, Nanocomposite films. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115511.html This study investigates the effect of incorporating silver oxide (AgO) nanoparticles into a polymer composite made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were mixed in a 1:1 ratio. Nanocomposite films were prepared using casting method process with adding different concentrations of AgO nanoparticles (0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 wt%). Structural properties, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyzes were used to evaluate the effect of AgO incorporation on the properties of the polymer blend. Samples’ optical properties were tested by measuring their UV-Visible spectra. The findings show that the addition of AgO nanoparticles significantly improves the structural and optical properties of the mixture. For the nanocomposites containing 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 wt% AgO, the optical band gap gradually decreased from 5.35 eV (pure mixture) to 5.25, 5.20, and 5.16 eV, respectively.   https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113840.html Morphology and synergistic effect are two important factors that greatly influence the physical and chemical properties of materials. We report the magnetic octahedral NiFe2O4 (NFO) crystals synthesized by simple multistep approach. The octahedral morphology of NFO was confirmed by using Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) results show that NFO crystals exhibit a better ferromagnetic behavior than previous reports, with Ms value of 93.43 emu.g-1 and band gap of 2.40 eV, respectively, making NFO crystals a suitable candidate for photocatalytic degradation of Congo Red (CR) by visible-light irradiation. The effect of reaction time, pH, initial CR concentrations, and dosage catalyst along with the mechanism and adsorption kinetic were investigated. The regression equation was found in a good agreement with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model(r = - dC/dt = kKC/1+K ). Results demonstrated that NFO photo catalyst with its special structure, and more active sites is an excellent efficiency for the removal of CR. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115512.html A nanostructured hydroxyapatite functionalised with chitosan and glutamic acid (n-HAp–Cs–Glu) was prepared via a wet-precipitation route and probed as a dual-purpose material for water remediation and microbial control. Beyond the basic XRD, FTIR, FESEM, TEM and BET data reported earlier, additional characterisation by atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and thermogravimetric analysis was carried out to confirm the nano-scale character and chemical integrity of the composite. The mean crystallite size dropped from 16.65 nm for pristine n-HAp to 12.27 nm after functionalisation, with AFM giving a mean particle diameter near 60 nm. The composite was then tested for Cd(II) uptake from aqueous solutions while varying contact time, dose, pH, initial concentration and temperature. Equilibrium was reached within 75 min and the kinetics were well described by the pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.9998), pointing toward a chemisorption-controlled process. Equilibrium data fitted the Langmuir isotherm better than Freundlich, with a maximum capacity of 48.54 mg g⁻¹ at 45 °C and separation factors RL well below unity. Thermodynamics were spontaneous (ΔG° < 0), endothermic (ΔH° > 0) and entropy-driven (ΔS° > 0). Antimicrobial assays showed no zone of inhibition against S. aureus or E. coli, but clear activity against the yeasts C. tropicalis and C. albicans, with a maximum inhibition diameter of 8.5 mm at 1000 mg L⁻¹. The findings highlight n-HAp–Cs–Glu as an inexpensive, eco-friendly nano-adsorbent that is also selectively antifungal. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115513.html A plastic pot experiment was carried out in the courtyard of Al-Husseiniya Holy Shrine, which is situated in the Karbala Governorate , to investigate the effect of foliar application of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3) on certain plant enzymes in chamomile Matricaria chamomilla L. under different levels of irrigation levels. Two factors were included in the experiment. Iron oxide nanoparticles (represented by the letter F) applied topically at four different concentrations was the first factor :)) 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg L-¹(. The second factor was salinity levels (denoted as S), applied at four levels:) 2, 4, 6, and 8 dS m-¹(. Plants were grown in a loamy sand soil. Foliar spraying was carried out at four growth stages: the first at the stage of six leaves, the second at the stage of ten, the third at the stage of fifteen, and the fourth prior to flowering. A Completely Randomized Design (C.R.D.) with four repetitions was used to organize the experiment’s 64 experimental units. The collected data underwent statistical analysis: The activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT; katal g-¹ FW), superoxide dismutase (SOD; U g-¹ FW), peroxidase (POD; U g-¹ FW), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; U g-¹ FW), were significantly impacted by foliar application of iron oxide nanoparticles under individual treatment. In comparison to the control treatment, the highest reported values were 51.2, 309.3, 0.298, and 0.3483 U g-¹ FW, respectively. Under salinity stress, a significant increase was also observed in the activities of CAT, SOD, POD, and APX enzymes under individual treatments. The enzyme activities reached their maximum values of )51.8, 353.7, 0.322, and 0.2596 U g-¹ FW(, respectively, compared to the control. Significant differences were detected under the interaction treatments for CAT, SOD, POD, and APX activities. The treatment F3S3 exhibited the highest enzyme activities, reaching )76.8, 598.0, 0.445, and 0.4695 U g-¹ FW(, respectively, compared with the control. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113842.html To investigate the rheological properties of nanomaterial compounding mastic modified asphalt under different aging conditions is to make better use of the performance of modified asphalt when performing road project pouring. In this paper, the high and low-temperature rheological properties of Nano-SiO2, Nano-TiO2, Nano-ZnO single modified asphalt and modified asphalt with mastic powder under different aging conditions were investigated by three aging methods, namely short-term aging, long-term aging and UV aging, using multiple stress creep recovery and bending beam rheology tests. The glass transition temperature of the nanomaterials-modified asphalt was then analyzed by DMA test. The results showed that the high and low-temperature rheological properties and the resistance to high and low-temperature aging of the modified asphalt were better than those of SBS-modified asphalt, which were improved by 34.4% and 14.29%, respectively. Under different aging conditions, the Nano-TiO2/compounded binder solution showed the smallest changes in irrecoverable creep flexibility, stiffness modulus and glass transition temperature, and its resistance to UV aging and thermal oxidation was stronger with a correlation coefficient of 0.98 or more. This shows that Nano-TiO2/combined binder powder has better rheological properties of modified asphalt than the other two binder powder solutions. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115517.html The present study reports an eco-friendly green synthesis approach for the fabrication of manganese oxide (MnO), iron oxide (Fe₂O₃), and manganese ferrite spinel (MnFe₂O₄) nanoparticles utilizing aqueous extract of Citrus sinensis (orange) peel as a natural reducing and capping agent. The phytochemicals present in the orange peel extract, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and ascorbic acid, served as effective bio-reductants for metal ion reduction and stabilization of the resulting nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were comprehensively characterized using multiple analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). XRD analysis confirmed the successful formation of crystalline phases with average crystallite sizes of 14.05 nm for MnO, 24.17 nm for α-Fe₂O₃ (hematite), and 30.66 nm for MnFe₂O₄ spinel structure, calculated using the Debye-Scherrer equation. FESEM micrographs revealed predominantly spherical morphology with mean particle sizes of 19.65 ± 3.35 nm, 24.29 ± 1.48 nm, and 31.31 ± 3.92 nm for MnO, Fe₂O₃, and MnFe₂O₄, respectively, as determined by Gaussian distribution analysis. EDX spectroscopy confirmed the elemental composition and stoichiometric ratios of the synthesized nanoparticles without significant impurities. VSM measurements revealed superparamagnetic behavior for MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles, making them suitable for biomedical applications. The antibacterial efficacy was systematically evaluated against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) using the agar well diffusion method at varying concentrations (62.5-500 µg/mL). Results demonstrated concentration-dependent antibacterial activity for all nanoparticles. Notably, MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles exhibited superior antibacterial performance with maximum inhibition zones of 30 mm and 25 mm against E. coli and S. aureus at 500 µg/mL, respectively. The enhanced antibacterial activity of the mixed metal oxide nanoparticles is attributed to synergistic effects of manganese and iron ions in generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disrupting bacterial cell membrane integrity. These findings suggest that green-synthesized MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles hold significant potential for antimicrobial applications in biomedical and environmental sectors. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115518.html The study thoroughly examines three state-of-the-art laser-based nanofabrication methods which is a major breakthrough in the area of local fabrication and material science. In particular, the research looks at three dimensional nanostructuring using two-photon laser polymerization (2pp), metal-organic framework (MOF) nanostructure using laser annealing, and controlled nanoparticle magnetic properties using targeted laser irradiation. The entire experimental studies were carefully performed at the Nanotechnology Research Laboratory in Babylon Province in Iraq to provide reproducibility and accuracy using the state of the art optical setups. Two-photon polymerization enables the creation of arbitrary micro- and nano-structures in three-dimensions and with a resolution of only sub-micrometers to create complex geometries impossible with other lithography methods. This possibility is essential to work on micro-optics and biomedical scaffolds. At the same time, laser-based annealing techniques have been shown to be very useful to convert MOFs into useful carbonized forms with customized porosity and conductivity, which are required in storage of energy and catalytic functions. Moreover, the parameters of laser irradiation such as fluence, pulse length exert a substantial effect on the structure and magnetism of nanoparticles providing a guarantee of accurate control of their coercivity and saturation magnetization. This in-depth investigation involves both laborious results of the experiment, a large amount of characterization information with the help of SEM, XRD, VSM, and real-life examples of the application of these laser-based procedures to the most recent nanotechnology. The combination of these methodologies in the research indicates the flexibility of laser processing in the production of next-generation functional materials. The results provide meaningful information to the literature explaining how localized laser interactions can be used to create material properties at the nanoscale to be applied in biomedical, electronic, and sensing. Finally, this paper is the first step in closing the theoretical design and the practical application of nanofabrication, demonstrating the competence of the regional research centers to make a contribution to the nanotechnology improvement on the global level by providing a strict experimental validation and a background of the future scalable manufacturing techniques. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115519.html This study investigates the synthesis and plasma energy characterization of gold (Au) and cerium oxide (CeO₂) nanoparticles via pulsed laser deposition (PLD), with a focus on optimizing their structural and functional properties for biosensing applications. The conditions for the controlled fabrication of Au-CeO₂ nanoparticles by laser ablation were optimized (KrF 248 nm excimer laser, fluence: 2-10 J/cm²) and the dynamics of the plasma was investigated by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS). The correlation between the key plasma parameters such as electron temperature (Tₑ = 1–2.6 eV) and density (nₑ = 10¹⁶–10¹⁸ cm⁻³) with laser energy was reported, where the higher energy the larger the intensities of the spectral lines and the plasma shielding effects. Au nanoparticles (14.4 nm crystallite size) and CeO₂ (27 nm particle size) were found to have face centered cubic (FCC) and cubic fluorite structures, respectively, with preferential orientation along the (111) plane, respectively, according to X-ray diffraction (XRD). The uniform morphologies were confirmed with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113847.html The (TiO2-nanoparticles / lignin /epoxy resin) composite as nano adsorbent was synthesized as nano-adsorbent of heavy metals from waste oil by sequential polymerization with presence TiO2 nanoparticles . The chemical structure and surface morphology of The (TiO2-nanoparticles / lignin /epoxy resin) composite were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thermal properties of nanocomposite has been evaluated by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermogravimetric (DTG). Adsorption experiments in batch mode were conducted using the developed nanocomposite. The new nanocomposite was evaluated to remove some heavy metal ions (Pb+2 and Fe+2) from waste oil and different parameters affecting the adsorption capacity such as adsorbent dose, contact time and temperature have been investigated.The (TiO2-nanoparticles / lignin /epoxy resin) composite as nano adsorbent was synthesized as nano-adsorbent of heavy metals from waste oil by sequential polymerization with presence TiO2 nanoparticles . The chemical structure and surface morphology of The (TiO2-nanoparticles / lignin /epoxy resin) composite were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thermal properties of nanocomposite has been evaluated by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermogravimetric (DTG). Adsorption experiments in batch mode were conducted using the developed nanocomposite. The new nanocomposite was evaluated to remove some heavy metal ions (Pb+2 and Fe+2) from waste oil and different parameters affecting the adsorption capacity such as adsorbent dose, contact time and temperature have been investigated. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115520.html Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria emergence is a major threat to the worldwide health care and novel antimicrobial agents have been developed. The eco friendly, cost effective and environmentally sustainable synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO nanoparticles) using pomegranate peel extract (Punica granatum L.) as a bio reducing and stabilizing agent is revealed in this study. Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were utilized to examine the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. UV-Vis analysis showed a characteristic absorption peak at 301 nm, and XRD analysis showed a hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure with an average crystallite size of about 11 nm. TEM imaging showed ultra-fine, quasi spherical primary nanoparticles, mostly in the size range of 4 to 8 nm, belonging to the domain of quantum confinement. FTIR confirmed the presence of organic corona on nanoparticle surface as a result of the existence of pomegranate phytoconstituents such as polyphenols and flavonoids. The antimicrobial activity was performed on clinical multidrug resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae by using agar well diffusion method. Results across all strains showed significant inhibitory effects that were dose dependent. The most sensitive strain was Staphylococcus aureus, which showed 44 mm inhibitory zone at a concentration of 81.38 mg/mL. The zones were somewhat smaller (16-28 mm) due to the complex cell wall structure of Gram-negative bacteria, however, the synthesized ZnO-NPs showed great effectiveness in combating these pathogens. The findings suggest that green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles are a promising alternative for the treatment of nosocomial infections. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113848.html Background: Recently, lipid nanoparticles has showed excellent properties that encourage researchers to use them in different fields such as agriculture, industry, medicine and in drugs as a nanocarriers to improve the delivery and the absorption of the vitamins, and drugs that are taken orally and/or parenterally. Objective: The current research was carried out to o develop a nano lipid carrier for curcumin to enhance its poor solubility and bioavailability to increase the pharmacological action. Materials and Methods: The drug carrier was synthesized as NLC using hot high pressure homogenization method (HHPH) and was obtained from glyceryl monostearate(GMS) as solid lipid and oleic acid as liquid lipid, in total, four different compositions of the drug carrier (curcumin nano lipid) were synthesized using different solid :liquid ratios (1:1,1:2,2:1 and 1:3) and characterized using different physic-chemical techniques such as FTIR, DSC, distribution of particles size, zeta potential and TEM. The in-vivo studies were conducted to test the enhanced solubility and bioavailability of curcumin-NLC formulation. Results: The nano lipid carrier system were synthesized using GMS and oleic acid as solid and liquid lipid respectively. Moreover, Tween 80 and Poloxamer 188 were utilized as surfactants. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113849.html The satisfactory endpoint of creation Nanoparticles hemosome carrying Zinc phosphide manifested by the size of Nano hemosome loaded Zinc phosphide ranged (55.83-111.69 nm) as multi-lamellar multi-vesicle shape. The entrapment amounts and efficiency have been achieved 86.84±3.55 % and 80.17±5.03 % of Zinc phosphide respectively. The absorbance curve displayed a higher peak set in (λ peaks) 343 nm and 439 nm. The challenge of hemosomal loaded Zinc phosphide was appeared tonicity tolerance to Osmo-changes ranged at 6-9 % of media and the pH changes stability was cited within 4-7 pH of the incubated media. Results showed the mice were more potent and susceptible to Nano-Heamosomal encapsulated Zinc phosphide than Ordinary Zinc Phosphide. The LDs with treated mice were The LD20, 50, and 95 of Nano heamosome Zn3P2 lower value 7243, 16959.51 and 89430.27 µg/kg/BW as compared with ordinary Zn3P2 13767.6, 28265.391, and 115291.4 µg/kg. Bw. The sub-acute LD20, 50, and 95 of Nano heamosome Zn3P2 lower value 2421.9, 3758.9, and 8875.7 µg/kg/BW as compared with Ordinary Zn3P2 (4180.12, 6591.32 and 16030.45 µg/kg. Bw).The LCs of dosed Zn3P2; LD50 dose in mice, the LC20, 50, and 95 of Nano-heamosome Zn3P2 lower value 3.85, 12.80, and 139.09 ppm as compared with ordinary Zn3P2 4.4, 23.90, and 650.15 ppm. The concentration of delayed lethal response to sub-acute toxicity LCs of dosed Zn3P2 (LD50 dose) in mice was an exhibit in two forms of rodenticides pharmaceutics. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115521.html A series of ZnS semiconductor nanoparticles were synthesized successfully by sol–gel method with zinc nitrate and thiourea as precursors of Zn and S, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a cubic crystalline phase. Diffraction peaks A-C had the lattice parameter values (a) were 5.349, 5.374 and 5.383 Å respectively which shows good agreement with usual cubic ZnS structure. The crystallite size was found to be 28.549 nm, confirming the nanocrystalline nature of the prepared sample. The strain (ε) values were found to be 0.0013, 0.00095, and 0.0018 for the main diffraction peaks, indicating slight lattice distortion in the synthesized nanoparticles. FESEM was used to determine the particle size and surface morphology of the synthesized ZnS nanoparticles, revealing nearly spherical particles with noticeable agglomeration and an average particle size of around 66.87 nm. Epoxy/ZnS nanocomposites were hand- lay-up at room temperature, ZnS nanoparticles was added at (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6) wt%. Adding ZnS nanoparticles to epoxy significantly increases thermal conductivity (from 0.42 to ~0.89 W·m−1·K−1) as filler loading rises (0–6 wt%). Finally, epoxy/ZnS nanocomposites were a sustainability application, thermally conductive, durable encapsulates for photovoltaic (solar) modules to improve heat dissipation, extend module lifetime, and increase energy yield. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115522.html This work was conducted to develop and test biosynthesized electrochemical nanosensors from the plants Ficus elastica and Acalypha indica for the detection of lead (Pb²⁺), cadmium (Cd²⁺), and mercury (Hg²⁺) ions in industrial wastewater, river water, and groundwater. Metal oxides and metal nanoparticles (CuO, Ag, and ZnO) were obtained from these sensors. Carbon paste (CPE) electrodes were modified using biosynthesized nanomaterials and polyaniline (PANI) to form the electrochemical sensors. The sensor voltage was measured using cyclic voltage (CV) and square wave voltage (SWV). The developed sensors exhibited detection limits ranging from 0.07 to 0.16 µg/L. Sensor recovery rates on real, supported industrial water samples ranged from 97% to 104%, confirming the sensors’ effectiveness and high analytical sensitivity. Green synthesis offers a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and sustainable pathway for producing high-performance electrochemical sensors used in the field monitoring of heavy metals in industrial environments. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113855.html Ferrite has gained attention because it attracts iron. Ferrites have been used in various electronic applications, energy applications, and magnetic interference. In recent years, a number of chemical synthesis methods have been developed to prepare various magnetic ferrites depending on the size, composition, surface chemistry, and aggregation state. In this work, magnesium-doped nickel ferrites nanoparticles with chemical formula Ni1-xMgxFe2O4 (were, x= 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7) were synthesized at temperature (700ºC) and pH=11 using chemical co-precipitation thermal method. The powder XRD pattern confirms single-phase cubic structure and the average particle size calculated by Scherer equation ranged between (19-29 nm) based on X-ray diffraction. The surface morphology and elemental composition were studied by Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) respectively. The SEM analysis shows the increasing the proportion of magnesium to shifted the morphology into particles with spherical. This work introduces novel and valuable synthesis route for preparation and morphological controlling of Ni1-xMgxFe2O4. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113856.html In recent years, researchers have increasingly shown interest in investigating the potential biomedical uses of graphene and its derivatives, owing to their exceptional chemical and physical characteristics.In this study, we developed a drug delivery system by conjugating hexamethylenediamine to the surface of graphene oxide (GO) through an amide bond to facilitate effective loading and targeted release of mesalazine (Mes). The synthesized graphene oxide-hexamethylenediamine-mesalazine (Mes-AGO) was characterized using common analytical techniques including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The drug release kinetics of Mes from the nanocarrier were investigated at both neutral and acidic pH conditions. The drug release from the Mes-AGO system was pH-dependent, as confirmed by UV analysis. The results showed minimal drug release at neutral pH, while a burst release was observed at acidic pH. Further studies will be carried out to demonstrate the efficiency of drug delivery by the nanocarrier under in vivo conditions. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113857.html In the present study, ZnO nanostructure has been synthesized by different methods, namely coprecipitation, hydrothermal and sonochemical methods. After comparison of the morphology and photocatalytic activity of ZnO samples prepared via different methods, the best method (sonochemical method) was used for synthesis of Ni-ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) with different concentrations of nickel. Furthermore, structural and optical properties were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–Vis spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) methods. Morphology of nanoparticles prepared via sonochemical method were obtained small granular shape. In addition, the direct band gap has been calculated by Tauc's approach. Compared with pure ZnO, the band gap of the Ni-ZnO NPs is smaller and depends on the content of dopants. Moreover, photocatalytic activity of all samples has been investigated under UV irradiation in an aqueous medium. In addition, photocatalytic activity is improved in the presence of an appropriate amount of nickel dopant. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113858.html Investigations were done on the microstructure, mechanical characteristics, and biocompatibility of vacuum-sintered Ti 5Nb and Ti 5Si binary system alloys. The findings showed that two alloys included alpha phase. The inclusion of Nb and Si Nano powder enhanced the hardness of the alloys, which varied from 387 HV (Ti-5Nb) to 395 HV (Ti–5Si). When compared to CP Ti, Nb and Si addition caused a lowering elastic modulus. The highest strength under compression load of Ti 5Si alloy was 1105 MPa, which was much higher than commercially pure titanium. Two alloys are more corrosion resistant than CP Ti, and Ti 5Si corrodes at a slower rate than Ti 5Nb alloy. The examination of biocompatibility involved the in vitro cytotoxicity experiment. The surfaces of the alloys demonstrated excellent growth conditions for MG-63 cells and the alloys did not display any toxic effects. Better mechanical and biocompatibility characteristics were displayed by the Ti5Si alloy. Ti5Si alloy, in conclusion, has enormous potential for use in orthopedic applications. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113859.html In this study, the Produce a Nanobiocomposite coating layers by using (EPD) DC Current with deposition condition (90V, 3 min, 4% C) for Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and (PEEK/HA) and (60V, 2 min, 3%C) for (PEEK/HA/ZnO) on stainless steel 316L with of roughness (0.06μm corresponded to 500 emery paper SiC) by using (EPD) DC Current then, study the corrosion behavior by evaluating the coating layers in relation to the corrosion resistance which was excellent compared to the substrate. Cr ion release test using (AAS) was carried out, and the result is reducing the release of ions from the substrate by coating layer is about 80%. Porosity determined using the Image j program was percentage on the surface of all coatings was good and within the acceptable range between (1%- 2%). Measuring the roughness by (AFM) evinced that the coating surfaces have an excellent roughness (Ra) between (2.12 nm) and (4.13 nm). The tape test method (adhesion) indicated that the removal area of the substrate coatings layer ranged from (2.6%) to (9%). XRD validated the all coating material peaks and confirmed the phases of the deposited coating layers. The results proved that EPD has no effect on the coating composition. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113860.html In this study, TiC /Ti powder functionally graded materials (FGMs) were prepared to be used in general engineering applications, such as space and aerospace industries , biomedical, electrical ,etc. A traditional powder technology has been used successfully in producing these materials.Thermal conductivity, hardness and wear resistance are evaluated for each set of materials that produced in this work. The hardness numbers variation proves the gradation of properties across the layers of each type of FGMs.It was found that, Brinell hardness numbers are changed in each layer of produced FGMs according to the percentage of the harder constituent (TiC) where the result shown that the value of Brinall hardness for sample A face (2) which contain 7.5 Ti & 92.5 % TiC (332.62) and (254.77) for face (1) which contain 18% Ti & 82% TiC , either sample B face (2) which contain 20 % Ti & 80 % TiC (290.84) and (167.51) for face (1) which contain 40% Ti & 60 TiC . Wear resistance was improved also according to the increasing of TiC percentages, where the loss for sample A face (2) has been ( 0.0035 , 0.0019 , 0.0017 ) respectively with time increase, and for face (1) has been (0.0012 , 0.0020 , 0.0021) respectively with time increase, either for sample B face (2) loss weight to was 0.003 , 0.013 , 0.023) and for face(1) ( 0.016 , 0.021 , 0.029) . https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113861.html This study investigated and prepared a coating for surgical implants by using hydroxyapatite (HA) empowers characteristic bone that developed at a medium for prosthetic the parts of the human body. HA is the generally manufactured from both Calcium (Ca) and Phosphate (P) to produce (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) that utilized as a base material for covering mineral embeds because of its incredible biocompatibility and comparable the synthesis and structure to sclerous tissues of the human body. HA, coatings on titanium substrates have been produced by Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) techniques. HA utilized in this search pressed at pressure (150MPa) with particle size (2.745 µm) and utilized as a target in the coating by (PLD) techniques with (4000, 6000 and 8000) pulse. Surface characterization studies of the coatings such as SEM and AFM to detect the amount of (Ca) and (P) in the coating layer were carried out. In vivo study was done by implantation of 4 sample implants (Ti, Ti-HA-4000, Ti-HA-6000, Ti-HA-8000) in femur bone for four rabbits. The results showed new bone formation around the implant for both groups from 3 weeks; with mature bone formation and complete osseointegration in 6 weeks around Ti-HA-8000 implant by the presence the haversion lamellae. This means biocompatible property of HA, which leads to accelerating osseointegration between implant and bone. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113876.html Researchers and scientists in the field of environment are deeply concerned about the toxic impact of organic pollutants entering water. Photocatalytic process is attractive and promising process for removal of various organic pollutants. The application of novel magnetic nanostructures in the photocatalytic process has found the considerable attention nowadays. Here, the novel NiFe2O4 nanoparticles was synthesized via simple and facile co-precipitation route. The structural properties of product were characterized via X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The magnetic properties of sample was characterized via vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM). VSM analysis confirmed that prepared nanoparticles have superparamagnetic properties with the remanent magnetization (Mr) 10 emu/g and magnetization at saturation (Ms) 30 emu/g. The morphological and optical properties of as-obtained nickel ferrite nanoparticles were analyzed via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy respectively. The calculated optical band gap of prepared NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (Eg=2.87 eV) approved the high potential of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles in the field of photocatalysis. Finally, The prepared NiFe2O4 nanoparticles was applied for photodegradation of acid violet and methylene blue. It was found that NiFe2O4 nanoparticles shows higher photocatalytic activity toward methylene blue (79%) than acid violet (68%). Also, results confirmed that the photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles is improved via increasing pH. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113862.html Abstract A mesoporous SBA-15 was synthesized and functionalized by OH, NH2, and glutaraldehyde (SBA-15-GA) for covalent immobilization of Porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) to use as a nano-biocatalyst in biodiesel production from castor oil. The process conditions (reaction temperature, biocatalyst amount, methanol content, and water content) were optimized with RSM, and their effects on FAMEs production were predicted. The supports were characterized using SAXS, FTIR, SEM, and BET techniques. The results of RSM showed that the temperature of 47.5 oC, catalyst amount of 0.5 g, methanol content of 0.34 g, and water content of 0.1 g are the conditions for the highest FAMEs production yield of 96.1%. The statistical data showed that reaction temperature, catalyst amount, and water content have a significant effect on FAMEs production yield but methanol content does not. The results also showed that increasing methanol content, water content, and temperatures can reduce biodiesel yield up to 7.3%. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113916.html Nanoparticle biogenic synthesis (NP) has recently gained significant attention in the scientific community. One of the main reasons for its popularity is the array of advantages it offers, including simplicity in the process, being environmentally friendly, rapid production, and cost-effectiveness. These characteristics make it a favored approach for many researchers in diverse fields. Among the nanoparticles synthesized, selenium nanoparticles (SeO2NPs) have shown promising results. In a recent experiment, SeO2NPs were produced using a novel method that involved the utilization of Cinnamomum verum bark extracts (CVBE) combined with selenium tetrachloride.To ensure the quality and determine the properties of the biosynthesized SeO2NPs, several characterization techniques were employed. These included X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results from the XRD analysis revealed that the crystalline size of the nanoparticles was approximately 24.5 nm. Further, the TEM images provided visual evidence of the nanoparticle's size and morphology, showing that the diameter of SeO2NPs was consistently less than 100 nm. These particles also exhibited spherical and semispherical shapes, indicating uniformity in their synthesis.A significant part of the study was to explore the potential applications of SeO2NPs, particularly their effect on antifungals and various bacterial strains. Interestingly, the SeO2NPs exhibited inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, measuring at 23 mm, and Staphylococcus aureus at 21 mm, they showed inhibition against antifungal isolates with a measurement of 18 mm. Notably, this inhibitory effect was found to be more potent than that against bacterial strains. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113923.html In this work iron-gold nanocomposites were synthesized by both sono-chemical and ball miling methods and the results were compared with each others. Firstly iron nanoparticles as a magnetic cores were prepared by both wet chemical and solid state method, also gold nanoparticles as photocatalyst phase were coated on the iron cores. As we expected the results show with sonochemical method smaller nanoparticles and the most uniform nanoparticles in comparison to ballmilling method were obtained. Both up to down (ballmilling) procedure and down to up (sono-chemical) were analyzed in comparison to each other. Aromatic azo dyes are one of the samples of cancerous agent so in this work, photo-catalyst activities of nanocomposites were investigated by photo-degradation of methyl red under ultra-violet irradiation.Keywords: Nanoparticles, Nanocomposites, Sono-chemical, Ball-millingIn this work iron-gold nanocomposites were synthesized by both sono-chemical and ball miling methods and the results were compared with each others. Firstly iron nanoparticles as a magnetic cores were prepared by both wet chemical and solid state method, also gold nanoparticles as photocatalyst phase were coated on the iron cores. As we expected the results show with sonochemical method smaller nanoparticles and the most uniform nanoparticles in comparison to ballmilling method were obtained. Both up to down (ballmilling) procedure and down to up (sono-chemical) were analyzed in comparison to each other. Aromatic azo dyes are one of the samples of cancerous agent so in this work, photo-catalyst activities of nanocomposites were investigated by photo-degradation of methyl red under ultra-violet irradiation. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113926.html In this work poly vinyl alcohol- iron-gold nanocomposites were synthesized by electrospinning methods. Firstly nanoadditives were synthesized with ball miling methods All results from ball milling ( up to down procedure) and electrospinning were analyzed with the aid of scanning electron microscopy images. Aromatic azo dyes are one of the samples of cancerous agent so in this work, photo-catalyst activities of nanocomposites were investigated by photo-degradation of acid black under ultra-violet irradiation. Magnetic and anti-bacterial nano-additives were added to poly vinyl alcohol. With the help of electro-spinning uniform nano-fibers with average diameter less than 150 nm were synthesized. The antibacterial test was performed by measuring the halo of non-growth in the disk penetration test. The test is done in such a way that three-mm discs are placed in nanoparticle fluids and then placed in agar medium (suitable medium for bacterial culture). Then, pathogenic bacteria such as coliform will be smeared on the agar and placed in an incubator for 24 to 48 hours to grow. After 48 hours, it can be seen that all the plates contain bacterial growth. At the same time, if the nanoparticles have antibacterial properties, around the disk we will see a halo of non-growth of bacteria (space empty of bacteria). This test has been done for coliform and pseudomonas bacteria for synthetic nanofluids and the results showed that nanocomposites will have good antibacterial properties for environmental effluents.Keywords: Anti bacterial, Nanocomposites, Ball-milling, Photo-catalyst https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113930.html Acoustic coupling between the microphone and the loudspeaker is a major issue in open-fit digital hearing aids. When compared to a close-fit hearing aid, an open-fit dramatically reduces signal quality and limits the potential maximum stable gain. Adaptive feedback cancellation (AFC) is a practical method for reducing the influence of acoustic coupling. However, because to the high correlation between the loudspeaker signal and the incoming signal, it might induce bias in calculating the feedback path if not carefully considered, especially when the incoming signal is spectrally coloured, as in speech and music. For decreasing this bias, the prediction error method (PEM) is well recognized. In this paper, we proposed a simplified multi-structure Kalman filter for implementing PEM based AFC. Kalman filter allows further increase in convergence/tracking rates and the high computational complexity of generalized Kalman filter is reduced by multi-structured topology and this in turn reduce the computational complexity and also subband topology provide low processing delay. The proposed acoustic feedback cancellation approach could benefit nanostructured materials research by enabling more precise audio measurements and characterization of nanomaterials. By reducing interference from acoustic feedback, the algorithms allow for higher gain settings and improved signal-to-noise ratios when analyzing acoustic responses of nanostructures. This could lead to more accurate measurement of nanostructure properties and dynamics.To overcome the reconvergence inability of during the change in feedback path, switched combination of SMKF and NLMS is used. Simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm performed better. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113931.html Abstract. Nanocomposite films based on polymeric blend poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) with 10 wt.% PEG in PVA and NiO at five different wt.% like 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5 , and 9 . The samples were characterized by FTIR, XRD, OM, and UV–Vis analytical techniques. The analysis of FTIR spectra certain the presence of functional groups belonging to the nanopolymer systems. According to XRD analysis, the polymeric blend is shown to be have a semi-crystalline nature whose peak is in accordance with the plane (101) reflection, and the incorporated of NiO into blended polymer act more crystallinity than the initial film. The surface images denote a good distribution of NiO particles and form a network of paths charge transfer within the polymeric blend. Above 300 nm, the transmittance curves of all samples show a tendency towards saturation, and its value for blended polymer film is ~ 90% in the Vis and NR areas of spectrum. Band gaps decreased from 4.200 to 4.128,3.695,3.520, 3.150 and 2.723 eV of allowed transitions and 4.000 to 3.680,3.080,2.800,2.130 and 1.970 eV of indirect forbidden transition. The optical conductivity spectra confirm the transmittance behavior within the Vis and NIR regions. Other features under examination were also affected by the nano additive. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113932.html By examining the photoconductivity response process, the photoresistance of thin films made of ZnO, TiO2, ZnO:TiO2 hybrid, and ZnO/TiO2 was investigated. The samples were created utilizing the spray pyrolysis deposition method and the sol-gel process. A glass slide as used to deposit all thin films. Calculations of the optical energy gap have been performed using Tauc equation and UV-visible absorption spectra. SEM and X-ray diffraction were used to investigate structural characteristics. The hexagonal wurtzite and anatase phases of ZnO and TiO2 respectively were revealed by the XRD patterns. The photoresistance properties have been investigated for sandwich structure devices and light source to record current in both ON and OFF state. ZnO:TiO2 layer has shown significant decrease in the photoresistance with the exposure of light indicating narrowing of the depletion layer upon generation of charge carriers. The time dependency patterns were recorded for all sample devices to investigate the response and recovery duration upon exposure to light. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113933.html In the present work, we developed the optical and structural properties of a novel polyethylene oxide copolymer (UHMWPEO), copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) composite by loading different concentrations of silica (SiO2) using the classical casting method. Various ratios of silica (0.05, 0.07, and 0.09% wt.%) were loaded in this progress, and the resulting films were examined using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer and FESEM. The optical characteristics of these films were examined in the 190–1100 nm optical range. The results show that nearly 90% of the UV radiation was stopped when silica reached 0.09 wt.%; furthermore, other optical parameters were enhanced after loading, and this property makes these films suitable for use in electronic devices. FFSEM confirmed the transformation of shape from spherical-like to flower-like in the silica ratio of 0.07 wt.%, and this transformation encourages the use of these films in drug delivery systems and energy storage. The surface morphology and homogeneity were also enhanced after the additions. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113935.html Abstract: This research has focused on the effect of Adding methanol solution and ethanol solution to rhodamine mix dye with different concentrations, the linear properties (permeability, absorbance) of Rhodamine mix dye were studied as it was dissolved in ethanol and methanol to prepare solutions with concentrations (0.00001, 0.000003, 0.00005, 0.00007) and at room temperature. The absorbance A of Rhodamine mix dye with ethanol was calculated for the above concentrations, respectively, as well as the permeability T was calculated. Also, the absorbance A of Rhodamine mix dye with ethanol was calculated and the transmittance T was calculated for the above concentrations, respectively, to obtain curves and compare between them. The absorbance A of Rhodamine mix dye with ethanol was calculated for the above concentrations, respectively, as well as the permeability T was calculated. Also, the absorbance A of Rhodamine mix dye with ethanol was calculated and the transmittance T was calculated for the above concentrations, respectively, to obtain curves and compare between them. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113936.html ABSTRACTIn this work, Spectral and non-linear optical properties for mixture of two organic laser dyes Coumarin 344 and Fluorescein dissolved in ethanol solvent at concentrations (3×10-5)M for different ratios (1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1) at room temperature and thim films has been studied.Thin films samples prepared from dyes solutions via drop-casting method at (10-3 M). The quantum efficiency increased while life time decreased when increment ratio .The results showed that these thin films possess very large nonlinear refraction as compared with dyes as solutions. The measurements indicated that the nonlinear refractive index increased linearly with the nonlinear phase shift. The result imply that it can be used as active laser medium and potential medium for various optoelectronic applications. The measurements indicated that the nonlinear refractive index increased linearly with the nonlinear phase shift. The result imply that it can be used as active laser medium and potential medium for various optoelectronic applications. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113937.html Abstract: This research has focused on the effect of Adding ethanol solution to rhodamine110 dye with different concentrations, the linear properties (permeability, absorbance) of Rhodamine110 dye were studied as it was dissolved in ethanol to prepare solutions with concentrations (0. 01, 0.03, 0.05) and at room temperature. The absorbance A of Rhodamine110 dye with ethanol was calculated for the above concentrations, respectively, as well as and the transmittance T was calculated for the above concentrations, respectively, to obtain curves and rhodamine110 dyes were mixed with nanomaterials to improve the properties of the dyes. The results showed that the highest linear properties appeared when the silver nanomaterials with rhodamine110 dye. The absorbance A of Rhodamine110 dye with ethanol was calculated for the above concentrations, respectively, as well as and the transmittance T was calculated for the above concentrations, respectively, to obtain curves and rhodamine110 dyes were mixed with nanomaterials to improve the properties of the dyes. The results showed that the highest linear properties appeared when the silver nanomaterials with rhodamine110 dye https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113949.html Researchers are working to develop a new class of antimicrobial agents due to the high prevalence of microbial diseases and their multidrug resistance properties. The use of indole with nanoparticles as new antimicrobial agent formulations is a modern and innovative approach to drug development. Current study demonstrates the antimicrobial efficacy of indole with calcium carbonate Nanoparticles (caco3-NPs) against gram negative, opportunistic bacterial infection, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Caco3-NPs alone show a significant antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones range from 8 to 17 mm at concentration 10.000 μg /ml. While the indole alone too with inhibition zones range from 27 to 35 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of caco3-NPs showed a strong antibacterial activity 312.5 μg /ml. At the same time, the MIC of Indole was 156.2 μg /ml. When combined Indole with caco3-NPs, they show increased inhibition rate of growth and biofilm formation by persister cell of P. aeruginosa. Caco3-NPs greatly aided biofilm inhibition with Indole about 63.32 percent at 10 mg /ml concentration. As a result, caco3-NPs and Indole significantly impacted P. aeruginosa persister cells' biofilms formation. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114001.html The pulsed laser deposition technique has been used to synthesize tin SnTe NPs thin films on substrate temperature about 300oC using a Nd-YAG laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm, a frequency of 5 Hz and a laser fluency of 16.56 J/cm2 at different laser pulses (200, 300, 400 and 500). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, UV-Visible spectrum, and photoluminescence (PL) measurements were used to investigate their structure and optical properties. The cubic structure of the tin telluride nanocrystal can be seen in the XRD pattern by increasing the number of laser pulses, and it is most evident at 500 pulse, which corresponds to a film thickness of 30 nm and a crystallite size of 12 nm. The UV-Visible spectrum shows the optical energy gap values of (3.2, 2.7, 2.6, and 2.29) eV decrease with increasing pulses for SnTe NPs at (200, 300, 400, and 500) pulses, respectively. The near band edge values are (1.8, 1.79, 1.75, and 1.75) eV decrease with increasing pulses of the (SnTe) NPs at (200, 300, 400, and 500) pulses, respectively. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114002.html There are numerous optoelectronic uses for semiconductor thin films II-VI. One such substance that has proven effective in creating solar cells, photodetectors, and other optical device applications is cadmium telluride (CdTe). In the current study, CdTe thin films were created by thermally vaporizing the material under a high vacuum and depositing them on glass substrates with different thicknesses. The effect of film thickness on structural, morphological, and optical properties was investigated. The thermal evaporated CdTe films were found to be polycrystalline with a cubic structure from the XRD test. Considerable improvement in the crystallinity was observed with the increase in thickness. The morphology of the film is examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and an atomic force microscope (AFM) confirming that the films grown had a good homogeneous surface. The roughness, root mean square value, and average diameter increased with the increasing thickness. The absorbance increased with the increasing thickness, while the transmittance decreased. The direct energy gap decreased from 3.35 to 3.1 eV with increased thickness. The dispersion parameters of the films were also evaluated using Wemple– DiDomenico (WDD) single oscillator model. The dispersion energy (Ed) and oscillator energy (Εo) of the films were evaluated and varied in the range of 4.9–2.1 eV and 5.09 –6.09 eV respectively. Moreover, the optical dispersion moments (M-1 and M-3) were also calculated that varied from 0.4 to 0.8 and from 0.017 to 0.022 respectively. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114031.html The casting method prepared a nanocomposite of (PAA-PVA/Ag) in different concentrations of the nanomaterial (Ag) represented by 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt.%. The structural, morphological, optical, and antibacterial characteristics were studied. Analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) data showed that all of the films made were semicrystalline. The optical microscope (OM) proved the silver nanoparticles form a continuous network within the blend at a concentration of 8 wt.%. SEM measurements show that the surface morphology of the (PAA-PVA/Ag) nanocomposite films is homogeneous and coherent, with chunks or aggregates spread around randomly. Optical measurement showed an increase in the absorbance with an increase in the nanomaterial concentration, while the transmission and energy gap decreased. Also, the coefficient of absorption, extinction coefficient, refractive index, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants, and optical conductivity rises with the rising content of Ag nanoparticles. Lastly, the results showed that (PAA-PVA/Ag) nanostructures are good candidates for use in nanodielectrics and photonics because they are inexpensive, flexible, lightweight, and have good optical and electronic characteristics compared to other nanocomposites and inhibition zone for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria increased with increasing the contents of Ag nanoparticles. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114030.html This study uses the casting method to create a PS/PMMA/ZnSe nanocomposite with different ZnSe NP concentrations (1, 3, and 5 wt%). In order to test the optical properties, a UV-Vis spectrophotometer with a wavelength range of 200–1100 nm was employed. As the concentration of (ZnSe) nanoparticles rises, so do the absorbance and absorption coefficient of (PS/PMMA/ZnSe) nanocomposites. All films have an absorption coefficient of less than (104) cm-1. The concentration of (ZnSe) nanoparticles increases the refractive index, extinction coefficient, and dielectric constant (real, imaginary), while the concentration of (ZnSe) nanoparticles decreases the energy gap for indirect transition (allowed, forbidden), transmittance, and optical conductivity. These properties can be used for films in a variety of applications.The concentration of (ZnSe) nanoparticles increases the refractive index, extinction coefficient, and dielectric constant (real, imaginary), while the concentration of (ZnSe) nanoparticles decreases the energy gap for indirect transition (allowed, forbidden), transmittance, and optical conductivity. These properties can be used for films in a variety of applications. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114032.html Polymers are interesting materials and important for daily use in our life. Polymers have significant characterizations and properties that promise to be used in different industrial, medical, drug delivery, food industry, etc. Polymers are easy to synthesize and fabricate and save to use, but they suffer from different problems and weaknesses, such as weak mechanical and electrical properties. Nanotechnology is an interesting technology that could overcome these problems. Nanomaterials are involved in several types of research to improve the characterizations and achieve unique properties and requirements. This investigation focused on some of these nanomaterials’ impact on the physical properties of pure poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) or a mix with other polymers and nanomaterials. Nanomaterials are involved in several types of research to improve the characterizations and achieve unique properties and requirements. This investigation focused on some of these nanomaterials’ impact on the physical properties of pure poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) or a mix with other polymers and nanomaterials. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114033.html The current research includes proposed new organic nanostructures based on the anthracene’s molecule for the design organic solar cells .The studied compounds were designed by Gauss View 5.0.8 program, by applying the hybrid function B3LYP from the theory of density function with the basic functions 6-31G, the ground state and spectral properties of the studied compounds was studied, also time-dependent density function theory was applied to study the properties of the excited states for the studied compounds, several donors and acceptors group were added to the anthracene molecule with/without anchor atom (carbon atom), as well as molecule of titanium dioxide with symmetric and asymmetric bonds. The results demonstrated that these molecules can be used as organic sensitizers in solar cells because of the possibility that they will inject electrons into the conduction band of PC60BM and TiO2. Additionally, the molecules’ support in the development of more useful and efficient organic photovoltaic materials. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114105.html In this work, the optical properties of (CMC/PVA/ Mg- Chlorophyll) nanocomposites films prepared by casting method have studied to use in different optical fields. The Mg-Chlorophyll added with different weight percentages are (2,4,6 and 8) wt% (CMC/PVA/Mg-Chlorophyll). The results revealed that absorbance, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, and refractive index of the optical characteristics of nanocomposites for wavelength range (200-1100) nm. all with rising content of Mg-Chlorophyll. while the energy band gap and transmittance decreased with increasing concentration of Mg-Chlorophyll.Optical energy values gap from (4.8 – 2.8) eV, where the optical energy gap of produced films reduced as concentration of Mg-Chlorophyll increased.while the energy band gap and transmittance decreased with increasing concentration of Mg-Chlorophyll.Optical energy values gap from (4.8 – 2.8) eV, where the optical energy gap of produced films reduced as concentration of Mg-Chlorophyll increased.while the energy band gap and transmittance decreased with increasing concentration of Mg-Chlorophyll.Optical energy values gap from (4.8 – 2.8) eV, where the optical energy gap of produced films reduced as concentration of Mg-Chlorophyll increased. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114171.html The objective of this research is to fabricate a novel titanium-silicon alloy including gallium biomaterial, exhibiting enhanced mechanical characteristics suitable for implantation into the physiological system. The compressive strength of dental implants is a critical factor in assessing their structural integrity and capacity to withstand occlusal stresses, also microhardness testing is an essential method for gaining useful insights into the mechanical characteristics of materials used in dental implants, so these two tests were used to examine the mechanical properties of the samples.The objective of this research is to fabricate a novel titanium-silicon alloy including gallium biomaterial, exhibiting enhanced mechanical characteristics suitable for implantation into the physiological system. The compressive strength of dental implants is a critical factor in assessing their structural integrity and capacity to withstand occlusal stresses, also microhardness testing is an essential method for gaining useful insights into the mechanical characteristics of materials used in dental implants, so these two tests were used to examine the mechanical properties of the samples. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115525.html Breast cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies to improve treatment outcomes. Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has been a cornerstone in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer therapy but is often limited by drug resistance and adverse effects. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as promising nanomaterials due to their inherent anticancer properties, including apoptosis induction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cell cycle disruption. Recent investigations suggest that the combination of AgNPs with tamoxifen can produce a synergistic effect, enhancing cytotoxicity while potentially reducing tamoxifen dosage and associated side effects. This review critically examines the mechanisms underlying this synergy, exploring AgNP synthesis methods, physicochemical characteristics, and their interaction with tamoxifen in preclinical models. By analyzing current findings, we highlight the potential of AgNP-based combinatorial therapy to overcome treatment limitations and improve therapeutic precision in breast cancer. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115526.html Pure PVA/PAA polymer films, manufactured by solution casting technique, reinforced with cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CoO NPs) calcined at temperatures (800 ºC), at different weight percentages (pure, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9) wt%. XRD analysis of the as-synthesized nanomaterial powder indicated that cobalt oxide nanoparticles were obtained at the calcination temperature (800 °C). Heat treatment promotes continued crystallization, leading to an expansion in the dimensions of nanoparticles. The electrical properties revealed a substantial enhancement in both the (ε’), (tanδ) and σ (a.c.) of the reinformed polymer blends. The thermal properties of the films reinforced with cobalt oxide nanoparticles show an increase in the thermal conductivity (K) of the prepared films with increasing reinforcement ratios. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115527.html This research involves the preparation of (400 ± 20) nm thick Se75S25-xSnx thin films by vacuum thermal evaporation method on glass Slides and studying the effect of laser irradiation on some structural, optical and electrical savor of the films. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the films have a random structure at (x = 0 and 5) while single crystal growth starts at (x = 10, 15). After laser irradiation, the diffraction pattern shows an improvement in crystal growth and all films are polycrystalline. FESEM examination also shows a clear effect on the surface morphology of the films exposed to the laser. By measuring the transmittance and absorbance spectra in the wavelength scope (400 - 1100 nm), it was found that the transmittance decreases and the absorbance increases as a function of wavelength with increasing tin content before and after irradiation. It is also shown that the absorbance of the films decreases after laser irradiation while the transmittance increases. The energy gap for the allowed direct transition was also calculated and it was found to decrease with increasing tin content before and after irradiation. It also decreases with irradiation, but the effect of irradiation decreases with increasing metal content. Hall effect analysis revealed that the films prepared before irradiation at (x = 0 and 5) are of the P type, while at (x = 10, 15) they transform to the N type, and the conductivity increases with increasing tin content and the resistivity decreases. After irradiation, all films are of the N type, and the conductivity decreases with increasing tin content and the resistivity increases. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115532.html The widespread presence of antibiotic residues in aquatic environments poses significant risks to ecosystems and public health, necessitating the development of sensitive and reliable detection methods. In this study, we report a novel electrochemical aptasensor for the selective and sensitive determination of ciprofloxacin in water samples, based on a multiwalled carbon nanotube-molybdenum disulfide/silver nanohybrid modified glassy carbon electrode. The MWCNT-MoS2/Ag nanocomposite was synthesized through a sequential approach involving carboxylation of MWCNTs, exfoliation and assembly of MoS2 nanosheets, and in situ reduction of silver nanoparticles. Comprehensive characterization using FESEM, FT-IR, and TGA confirmed the successful formation of the ternary nanohybrid with uniform distribution of components and enhanced thermal stability. A ciprofloxacin-specific aptamer was covalently immobilized onto the nanohybrid-modified electrode surface via amide bond formation, providing high specificity for target recognition. Under optimized conditions, the fabricated aptasensor exhibited a wide linear response ranging from 0.5 nM to 750 nM ciprofloxacin, with a low detection limit of 0.18 nM (S/N = 3). The sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity against potentially interfering substances, good reproducibility with relative standard deviation of 4.3%, and acceptable storage stability retaining 86.2% of initial response after four weeks. Furthermore, successful application to spiked environmental water samples with recoveries between 95.8% and 98.3% confirmed the practical utility of the proposed sensing platform for monitoring ciprofloxacin residues in real water matrices. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115533.html The precise monitoring of dopamine, a vital neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of mood, cognition, and motor control, is of great importance. In this context, carbon paste electrodes have attracted considerable attention due to their ease of preparation, cost‑effectiveness, and ability to be modified for enhanced sensitivity and accuracy. In the present study, NH₂‑MIL‑88B(Fe) was synthesized and characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses, and subsequently employed to modify a carbon paste electrochemical sensor for the detection of dopamine in human and pharmaceutical samples and in the presence of phenylalanine. The synergistic effect of the synthesized metal–organic framework (MOF) combined with graphite led to a remarkable improvement in sensor performance, providing a wide linear response range from 0.7–100 μM and 100–900 μM, with an exceptionally low detection limit of 0.18 μM for dopamine, indicative of the high performance of the optimized electrode. Kinetic analysis further revealed a transfer coefficient (α) of 0.8 and a diffusion coefficient (D) of 4.3 × 10⁻⁶ cm²/s. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115539.html Chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) require sustained local anti-inflammatory therapy to manage recurrent airway inflammation while minimizing systemic side effects. In this study, we developed and systematically characterized inhalable nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with fluticasone propionate (FP), a model corticosteroid, to achieve efficient pulmonary delivery with extended drug retention. The NLCs were prepared using a hot high-pressure homogenization method followed by ultrasonication, employing a blend of glyceryl monostearate, Compritol® 888 ATO, and medium-chain triglycerides stabilized with Poloxamer 188 and TPGS. The optimized formulation exhibited spherical morphology with a mean diameter of 128 ± 18 nm as observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed the absence of chemical incompatibilities, indicating molecular dispersion of FP within the lipid matrix, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated enhanced thermal stability of the drug-loaded carriers compared to blank NLCs. The encapsulation efficiency reached 95.3 ± 0.2 %, with a drug loading of 9.53 ± 0.02 %. Aerosolization studies using a next-generation impactor coupled with a Pari LC Plus nebulizer revealed a fine particle fraction (FPF) of 68.3 ± 2.4 % and a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 2.87 ± 0.15 μm, indicating favorable deep lung deposition. In vitro release kinetics followed a sustained biphasic profile over 48 hours, with Korsmeyer-Peppas modeling suggesting an anomalous (non-Fickian) transport mechanism (n = 0.67). Collectively, these findings establish that FP-loaded NLCs represent a promising inhalable platform combining high drug loading, optimal aerosolization behavior, and sustained release for the management of chronic inflammatory respiratory conditions. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115540.html Glucose is a naturally occurring monosaccharide that possesses multiple hydroxyl groups capable of coordinating with metal ions. Due to its biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and ability to stabilize metal species, glucose has attracted considerable interest with regard to biomedical and industrial applications, particularly in the synthesis and stabilization of silver-based materials. In the current study, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to investigate the electronic properties and stability of the Glucose/2Ag complex’s structure. The results obtained confirmed the formation of stable Ag–O coordination bonds, with an Ag–O bond length of approximately 2.4 Å, indicating a relatively strong interaction between the oxygen donor atoms of glucose and the silver centers. The calculated global reactivity descriptors revealed an electronegativity of 4.5715 eV, chemical hardness of 1.823 eV, and softness of 0.5485 eV. Furthermore, the HOMO–LUMO energy gap of the complex was found to increase compared with free glucose, demonstrating enhanced electronic stability, increased chemical hardness, and reduced chemical reactivity. These findings suggest that coordination with silver l allows for the significant stabilization of the electronic structure through charge redistribution between glucose and the silver atoms. According to the HSAB principle, this stabilization supports the formation of a chemically stable complex with increased resistance to electronic perturbation. Overall, the theoretical results indicate that the Glucose/2Ag complex exhibits favorable stability and electronic characteristics, making it a promising candidate for potential biomedical applications such as antimicrobial materials, drug-delivery systems, and biosensors, as well as industrial applications such as catalytic processes and antimicrobial coatings. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115545.html Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were chemically synthesized and subsequently functionalized by adsorbing α-D-glucose onto their surfaces, resulting in a core–shell nanostructure with enhanced bioactivity. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the successful formation and modification of the nanoparticles. The XRD patterns revealed distinct face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structures with consistent nanoscale dimensions. FTIR analysis further supported the functionalization, showing the emergence of a broad O–H stretching band along with pronounced C–H and O–C vibrations, indicating strong interactions between glucose molecules and the nanoparticle surface. Low-frequency shifts also confirmed metal–ligand coordination, suggesting stable bonding rather than simple physical adsorption. A stabilizing biocorona, formed by the glucose layer, effectively reduces interparticle agglomeration, resulting in a slight increase in mean particle size and improved colloidal stability. FESEM micrographs verified the presence of quasi-spherical, uniformly distributed nanoparticles with minimal clumping, further indicating successful surface passivation and improved dispersion. Notably, the glucose coating expanded the nanostructures’ capacity for secure and efficient biointeractions and greatly improved their biocompatibility. Thus, these hybrid nanomaterials offer intriguing platforms for cutting-edge biological applications such as tissue engineering interfaces, antimicrobial surface coatings, and targeted drug delivery. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115546.html Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a worldwide problem impacting on pediatric health, especially in low-resource areas. The present study is a cross-sectional surveillance to describe bacterial pathogens and their resistance patterns in 200 children (0–12 years) attending to three hospitals in Wasit Governorate, Iraq during January 2022 - December 2024. The most common microorganisms were Escherichia coli (29%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (21%). The proportion of ampicillin resistant organisms (APCs) was 74%, whereas those with carbapenems were still 92% susceptible. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms comprised 30.5% of isolates, escalating significantly from 26.3% (2022) to 44.4% (2024) (p=0.033). ESBL production was seen 19% of the time, and the most prevalent was seen in neonates (66.7%). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by green reduction method and characterized by the UV-Vis, XRD and SEM. The results showed a significant 8-fold decrease in the MIC of ampicillin for MRSA and 4–16-fold decrease in MIC of vancomycin for VRE when tested by synergy testing using AgNPs. MDR management in resource-limited pediatric settings is promising to be aided with nanotechnology as an adjunctive therapy. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115554.html Polyhedral-grained nickel oxide (NiO) nanostructures were electrochemically deposited on silicon Si (111) substrates under a constant deposition time for different applied current density and employed as an active sensing layer for ammonia (NH₃) gas detection. The variation in current density produced polyhedral NiO nanocrystals with different packing densities, which significantly influenced their structural and NH₃ gas-sensing properties. The morphological and structural characteristics of the prepared polyhedral NiO nanocrystals with different densities were investigated using field-emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction respectively. A metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) NH₃ gas sensor with an Al/polyhedral NiO/Al configuration was fabricated using aluminum electrodes. The sensor exhibited promising sensitivity toward ammonia gas, strongly influenced by the size and packing density of the polyhedral NiO grains. Among the prepared samples, the best NH₃ sensing performance was obtained for the NiO sensor fabricated at 3mA/cm2 applied current density, owing to its well-defined polyhedral grains, high surface coverage, improved crystallinity, and exhibited relatively fast rise and decay times, indicating efficient adsorption and desorption of NH₃ molecules on the NiO surface.  https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114229.html This study investigates the formation of nanocomposites on zinc substrates through the electrochemical process of zinc foil in sulfuric and phosphoric acid at room temperature. After immersing pure Zn into a solution containing 3.6g CuO in 15% H2SO4, ZnO and CuO microstructures were created.XRD and AFM techniques were employed to; characterize the resulting thin films and 3-D microstructures, The (CuO-ZnO) composite had nanoscale size and an average of 68.78932nm, with ZnO having a wurtzite and zincite structure, and CuO crystals having a tenorite structure. This study discusses the effects of the developments and modification of the CuO nanoparticle in a multi-bath (using two processes) as stabilizers and surfactants on the Zn morphology. The deposits with added CuO had larger particle sizes and thicker deposits,while the multi-bath in H3PO4 resulted in a more compact, thicker, and dense structure on the surface. The wettability property of samples were characterized by measuring the water contact angle of surfaces. The resulting of surface modification with H3PO4 and CuO showed the contact angle characteristics of being hydrophobic and hydrophilic due to their special surface energy of phases and the incorporation of a nano-microstructure morphology. Noticeable, stable hydrophobicity of the oxide coating with a contact angle of (58.2°) was obtained for the (CuO-ZnO) microstructure after modification. Electrochemical behavior measurements showed that using multiple phases resulted in a protective, adherent, uniform, and plate-like morphology of corrosion products, improving resistance for ZnO, CuO, CuO-P, and ZnO-P phases, and influencing P ion content. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114230.html In the realm of nanotechnology, it is crucial to establish procedures for the accurate manufacture of metallic nanoparticles with specific sizes, shapes, and contents. Metallic nanoparticles possess unique optical, electrical, and magnetic properties that set them apart from bulk metals. One required method and modern technology for synthesizing copper oxide nanoparticles is green synthesis, which involves using lemon leaves, one of the most important medicinal plants. The study aims to manufacture copper oxide nanoparticles using lemon leaf as a medicinal plant and improve a study to characterize the nanoparticles. In our work, copper oxide nanoparticles are synthesised, optimised, and then characterised using UV spectroscopy, SEM, and XRD. The results showed that its peak wavelength is 272nm, the optimisation for PH 8 is 90 °C, the time is 15 min, and the concentration ratio of a metal ion is 5 ml. Characterization SEM is (69–77), and XRD analyses have 2 values of 28nm. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114231.html Researchers are working to develop a new class of antimicrobial agents due to the high prevalence of microbial diseases and their multidrug resistance properties. The use of indole with nanoparticles as new antimicrobial agent formulations is a modern and innovative approach to drug development. Current study demonstrates the antimicrobial efficacy of indole with calcium carbonate Nanoparticles (caco3-NPs) against gram negative, opportunistic bacterial infection, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Caco3-NPs alone show a significant antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones range from 8 to 17 mm at concentration 10.000 μg /ml. While the indole alone too with inhibition zones range from 27 to 35 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of caco3-NPs showed a strong antibacterial activity 312.5 μg /ml. At the same time, the MIC of Indole was 156.2 μg /ml. When combined Indole with caco3-NPs, they show increased inhibition rate of growth and biofilm formation by persister cell of P. aeruginosa. Caco3-NPs greatly aided biofilm inhibition with Indole about 63.32 percent at 10 mg /ml concentration. As a result, caco3-NPs and Indole significantly impacted P. aeruginosa persister cells' biofilms formation. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114237.html The nanofibrous based on the polymer blend that was associated with poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and poly acrylamide(PAAm) (50/50 wt.%), doped with different ratios of iron oxide nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully synthesized using the electrospun method at room temperature(RT) and voltage (12kV). The products were studied using (FESEM), (AFM), (FT-IR), (XRD), and (UV–Vis) technique. The result of FESEM analysis showed that the polymer blend and doped samples produce a random distribution of fine fibers at an average diameter range (219.68, 1111, 1468.42, 400, and 925 ) nm with a smooth surface. FTIR analysis showed may be attributed to physical hydrogen bonding interactions between the functional groups of the polymer mix and the AgNPs. The presence of semi-crystalline aggregates of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyacrylamide (PAAm) was established using X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination. Additionally, a rise in the additive led to the emergence of a cubic crystalline phase of 7wt.%.Ag. The value allowed indirect E_g^opt decreased with increasing the AgNPs.The Wemple-DiDomenico model was used to derive dispersion parameters such as Eo, Ed, M-1, M-3, and the result of calculating the E_g^opt by this model was compatible with that value calculated by the Tauc relation. Also, there was a inecrease in Urbach energy values with the increase of AgNPs, which caused an increased degree of crystallinity. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114242.html The novelty of preparation nanofilms makes the manufacturers choose the new property of the film for new applications or for economic purposes. Cu2O:CaF2 nanofilms were successfully prepared by thermal evaporation technique for the first time with different thicknesses (35, 42,50, and 57 nm). The structural, morphological, optical, and dispersion properties were investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that the prepared films were amorphous. With increasing thickness, the peak exhibited at 24.2º, which attributed to the CaF2 that corresponded to the (111) with face center cubic (FCC). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed that the films grown by this technique had a good homogeneous surface. The roughness average, root mean square value, and average grain diameter increased with the increasing thickness. The optical properties results showed that the transmittance and energy gap decreased with the increase of thickness, while the absorption coefficient, real and imaginary of dielectric constant decreased. The Cu2O:CaF2 thin films have allowed a direct energy gap (Eg) that was decreased from 3.54 to 3.34 eV with the increase of thickness. The dispersion parameters such as; Eo, Ed, no, ε∞, M−1, and M−3 were calculated using the Wemple–DiDomenico model. The value of the energy gap estimated by Wemple–DiDomenico calculations was consistent with the value obtained from the Tauc relation and found that the parameters were decreased with the increase of thickness. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114303.html Denture soft liners are designed to improve patient performance by modifying prosthetic surfaces that contact soft tissues in the oral cavity. One of the methods used to improve its mechanical properties was nanotechnology. Objective: This study focused on the effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles on the surface roughness and wettability of acrylic base soft liners.Methods: Sixty samples were created by adding cerium oxide nanoparticles to soft liner monomer at weight percentages of 0%, 2%, and 3%. According to conducted tests, research samples were segregated into two groups, surface roughness and wettability tests, each group containing 30 specimens; 10 control specimens for each test were prepared without cerium oxide nanoparticles addition, and ten specimens for each different percentage of CeO2 NPs 2% and 3% by the weight. The information was analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Tukey's multiple comparisons test. Results: The mean of the surface roughness and wettability for the group that incorporated 3% by weight of cerium oxide exhibited a significant increase compared to the remaining groups. At the same time, the mean value for 2% by weight cerium oxide group increased significantly in the wettability test and uncovered no discernible variation in surface roughness compared to the control group.Conclusion: This in vitro investigation indicates that including Cerium Oxide nanoparticles at concentrations exceeding 2% negatively influences the wettability and surface roughness of the acrylic-based soft lining materials. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114304.html This work includes the synthesis of nanocellulose (NC) using a multi-step process starting with rice husk. The resulted nanocelloluse was characterized using XRD, SEM and TEM which confirm the successful preparation of NC with nanofiber and nanocrystal structures of 66.3% of crystallite index. The NC was used as a synthon for the synthesis of binary natural hydroxyapatite-cellulose nanocomposite (HA-NC) by the reaction of nanocellulose and hydroxyapatite using ultrasound-assisted method. This study demonstrates successful nanocellulose synthesis and HA-nanocellulose nanocomposite formation. Utilizing rice husk as a raw material for nanosilica and incorporating HA into nanocellulose hold promise for diverse applications in materials science and biomedicine. The adhesion of the HA-NC nanocomposite to the tooth surface was thoroughly investigated in this study and the measurement demonstrated the successful bonding of the nanocomposite with the tooth surface. This finding is significant as it indicates the potential applicability of this material for remineralization enhancement. It is worth noting that the thickness of the HA-NC nanocomposite was found to be approximately 100 ± 25 nm. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114311.html In this study, a novel technique of sintering at very low temperatures named the Cold sintering process is used to produce Highly dense samples of hydroxyapatite (HA) with liquid additives. The co precipitation method is a powder-preparation method to fabricate a nano hydroxyapatite. This work aimed to determine the optimum cold sintering parameters in producing dense HA samples using the Taguchi method. The sintering temperature, pressure, holding time, and liquid content were selected as the production parameters. The samples are characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffractogram (XRD), and transition electron microscope (TEM). Also, physical and mechanical properties measurements were detected, include density, water contact angle, Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller(BET), hardness and indirect tensile strength (DTS). It can be observed that the optimum cold sintering parameters for high densities (99%) and hardness (502 Hv) are 250 °C, 500 MPa, 60 minutes, and 10 wt.% liquid content. The presence of lattice water in co-precipitated HA particles together with liquid additives has an important effect on the densification. In summary, The results indicated that cold sintering could result in hydroxyapatite with high densification, high purity, and high thermal stability without decomposition. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114343.html Substituted polyoxometalate encapsulated into Y zeolite was synthesized with two ratios: H5PMo10W1Ti1O40.XH2O/Y (hereafter designated as SPY-1011, the numbers show the amount of Mo, W, Ti, respectively) and H5PMo1W10Ti1O40.XH2O/Y (hereafter designated as SPY-1101) was synthesized using the template synthesis method. The nanocomposite materials were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, UV-Vis, FESEM, and EDS techniques. The photocatalytic activity of systems was investigated within the photodegradation of methyl orange. The W, Mo, and Ti content of the catalyst was evaluated by the ICP method. The results showed that the photocatalyst performance depends on catalyst loading, pH effect, methyl orange concentration, type, and the number of substituted species. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) experiment indicated mineralisation of the methyl orange with 83% after 120 min irradiation. The absences of hydrazine during degradation confirmed by the amperometric experiment, in turn, showed methyl orange converted to simple inorganic materials. Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange follows a pseudo-first-order kinetic. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114344.html A set of cordierite Ce-La/SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-ZrO2 catalyst washcoats containing various weight percentages of Ce-La with mesopores of ~ 3 nm was prepared by the co-precipitation/impregnation method. The structural and physicochemical properties of the prepared catalyst washcoats were obtained using complementary techniques such as TGA/DSC, DLS, XRD, FE-SEM, EDS, BET, and TEM. The O2-temperature-programmed desorption (O2-TPD) results were used to study their oxygen properties. As a whole, the presence of high-entropy Ce-La oxides caused the lattice expansion of the cordierite Ce-La/SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-ZrO2 structure. On the other hand, the average particle size, around 3-4 μm, and their distribution for all samples was independent of the amount of Ce-La. The results of TGA-DSC, XRD, and EDS analysis confirmed the presence of Ce-La elements in the cordierite structure and the formation of the oxide phase. The O2-TPD data analysis showed that at a higher weight percentage of Ce-La, the amount of γ-oxygen decreased and the β-oxygen increased, which was very favorable regarding the deep oxidation ability of the catalysts. Finally, the most appropriate weight percentage of Ce-La (12 wt.%), with regard to the surface area, porosity, and oxygen properties, was washcoated in a cordierite honeycomb ceramic monolith; its surface morphology was studied by FE-SEM and compared with the bare monolith. As a whole, the flaky structure of the washcoated catalyst was preserved after coating. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114395.html The Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) publishes varying types of publications such as technical reports, issues and newsletters, annual reports, and others. The purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of the Council’s reports, which are not represented in the major bibliographic indices and as such, might be overlooked by scholars or considered “grey literature.” A bibliometric analysis was conducted to examine 100 reports published in a span of twenty-three years (1994-2017), each classified into six categories derivative of the Council’s editorial description: The Changing Role of the Library; Digital Libraries; Trends in Information Use; Preservation; Economics of Information; and International Development. The results indicate the extent to which the CLIR reports are cited by others outside the organization; identify the Council’s major authors; and track trends in publication. Findings suggest that, although unindexed in traditional bibliographic databases, CLIR reports have made significant contributions in the field of library and information science, both in terms of cited references and advancements in scholarship; and posits that this kind of publication can add value to traditional peer-reviewed research and scholarship. The study concludes that CLIR reports produced in the years 1994-2017 are highly cited by scholars outside the organization and that the rate of publication has also increased during this time. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114396.html Researchers are working to develop a new class of antimicrobial agents due to the high prevalence of microbial diseases and their multidrug resistance properties. The use of indole with nanoparticles as new antimicrobial agent formulations is a modern and innovative approach to drug development. Current study demonstrates the antimicrobial efficacy of indole with calcium carbonate Nanoparticles (caco3-NPs) against gram negative, opportunistic bacterial infection, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Caco3-NPs alone show a significant antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones range from 8 to 17 mm at concentration 10.000 μg /ml. While the indole alone too with inhibition zones range from 27 to 35 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of caco3-NPs showed a strong antibacterial activity 312.5 μg /ml. At the same time, the MIC of Indole was 156.2 μg /ml. When combined Indole with caco3-NPs, they show increased inhibition rate of growth and biofilm formation by persister cell of P. aeruginosa. Caco3-NPs greatly aided biofilm inhibition with Indole about 63.32 percent at 10 mg /ml concentration. As a result, caco3-NPs and Indole significantly impacted P. aeruginosa persister cells' biofilms formation. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114397.html A simple hydrothermal synthesis method with CuSO4 of copper was used to prepare Cu2O/Cu nanoparticles. Samples were characterized by X-ray- diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). With an increase in reaction time and a temperature increase. In the end, the following products were obtained: Cu2O octahedron microcrystals, Cu2O/Cu composite particles, and a wide range of nanowires. A study of the gas sensitivity of the samples (products) towards NO2 gas was carried out. Through the results, it appeared that the sensors prepared for the compound Cu2O/Cu at a temperature of 65°C and for 20 min showed a very good gas sensitivity (optimal). The very good gas sensitivity indicated that the Cu2O/Cu compounds may have very wide applications as gas sensors.A simple hydrothermal synthesis method with CuSO4 of copper was used to prepare Cu2O/Cu nanoparticles. Samples were characterized by X-ray- diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). With an increase in reaction time and a temperature increase. In the end, the following products were obtained: Cu2O octahedron microcrystals, Cu2O/Cu composite particles, and a wide range of nanowires. A study of the gas sensitivity of the samples (products) towards NO2 gas was carried out. Through the results, it appeared that the sensors prepared for the compound Cu2O/Cu at a temperature of 65°C and for 20 min showed a very good gas sensitivity (optimal). The very good gas sensitivity indicated that the Cu2O/Cu compounds may have very wide applications as gas sensors. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114398.html The liver is more susceptible to the harmful effects of toxicological substances like carbon tetrachloride (CCL4). CCL4 releases free radicals that damage liver, promote lipid peroxidation, and release free radicals, which antioxidants can be administered to prevent, such as bromelain. This research aimed to investigate if bromelain antioxidants affect the CCL4-induced histopathological characteristics of albino mice livers. A total of 49 animals were divided into seven equal groups. Liver was harvested from mice to assess Histopathological changes, and immunohistochemically changes (Caspase-9). The current study showed a better protective effect in mice dosed with bromelain solution loaded on gold nanoparticles.The liver is more susceptible to the harmful effects of toxicological substances like carbon tetrachloride (CCL4). CCL4 releases free radicals that damage liver, promote lipid peroxidation, and release free radicals, which antioxidants can be administered to prevent, such as bromelain. This research aimed to investigate if bromelain antioxidants affect the CCL4-induced histopathological characteristics of albino mice livers. A total of 49 animals were divided into seven equal groups. Liver was harvested from mice to assess Histopathological changes, and immunohistochemically changes (Caspase-9). The current study showed a better protective effect in mice dosed with bromelain solution loaded on gold nanoparticles. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114399.html Shape memory alloy (SMA) is an alloy that consists of nickel and titanium, also known as NiTi, and has unique physical and mechanical properties. This material is characterized by its ability to deform plastically at room temperature phase and return to its previous shape phase before deformation when its temperature is increased while maintaining its solid state in both phases. The force and deflection are the effects of the change in the crystal structure that occurs in the SMA actuator when subjected to temperature increases and decreases. The effect and activity of the SMA actuator depend on the distribution of temperature which is based on the heating technique. The immersion of the SMA actuator in the water is utilized for uniform temperature distribution to all the ambient. The most common requirement to operate the actuator is the maximum linear displacement motion of the SMA contraction in parallel with force per time. The force produced from the SMA actuator contraction represents the ability of the actuator to move an object and generate torque. The maximum response of the SMA spring is generated from the optimum preload applied relative to the speed of the actuator performance. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114400.html One required method and modern technology for synthesizing copper oxide nanoparticles is green synthesis, which involves using lemon leaves, one of the most important medicinal plants. In our work, copper oxide nanoparticles are synthesised, optimised, and then characterised using UV spectroscopy, SEM, and XRD. The results showed that its peak wavelength is 272nm, the optimisation for PH 8 is 90 °C, the time is 15 min, and the concentration ratio of a metal ion is 5 ml. Characterization SEM is (69–77), and XRD analyses have 2 values of 28nm.One required method and modern technology for synthesizing copper oxide nanoparticles is green synthesis, which involves using lemon leaves, one of the most important medicinal plants. In our work, copper oxide nanoparticles are synthesised, optimised, and then characterised using UV spectroscopy, SEM, and XRD. The results showed that its peak wavelength is 272nm, the optimisation for PH 8 is 90 °C, the time is 15 min, and the concentration ratio of a metal ion is 5 ml. Characterization SEM is (69–77), and XRD analyses have 2 values of 28nm. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114401.html One of the promising techniques used to allow Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is to make vehicles communicate with each other without the need for base station infrastructure. This will enhance the reliability of the network and makes transferring data from one vehicle to another more easy and fast. Autonomous communication faces some challenges which are the resources management process between vehicles, the data rate of the communication link, and the latency of a centralized controlling network. Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2x) communication is a promising technology to overcome these challenges due to several advantages that it gives. It uses cellular communication which provides a high data rate compared to the IEEE 802.11p network when using mmwave bands. It allows using distributed management of resources which allows decreasing latency of the communication and enhancing the self-management process of the available resources. In this paper, the use of the C-V2x mode 4 links between vehicles traveling at middle speed in an urban scenario is used and evaluated concerning Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). Simulation is performed concerning the distance between vehicles, the frequency band used, the error probability of the communication concerning all error types, and the density of vehicles on the proposed road. Simulation results show that the PDR decreases as the frequency increase because of the need for short-range communication and also show that the error probability increases as the density of vehicles increases. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114402.html This research was aimed to isolate fungi in the patients with dental caries, in the males and females, and to evaluate the antifungul activity of biogenic synthesized silver nanoparticles from Cassia angustifolia leaves aqueous extract against fungal infection. The results show that 55 swab samples of dental caries with fungi ranged in age from 10 to 50 years old, the infection is a higher rate in femals than males with rate (55)% and (45)% in males with age ranging from (20 to 40). The most common fungi isolated from dental caries are Aspergillus niger 41%, Aspergillus flavus 25%, Penicillium spp. 20 % and the lowest is Alternaria spp. is 12 %. The most important yeasts that appeared in dental caries are Candida albicans 50% and C.krusei 10% Candida is the major fungal pathogen of human causing a variety of afflictions ranging from superficial mucosal diseases to deep seated mycoses. Cassia angustifolia leaves aqueous were used for the green synthesis of Ag NPs with the results demonstrating the ability of Ag NPs produced by C.angustifolia in vitro to inhibit the growth of fungi at (pH 8)to decrease growth of fungi that are Aspergillus niger , A. flavus , Alternaria spp. and Penicillium spp.by percentage(80 ,42 ,77 ,7)% respectively in the concentration 100 µg /ml respectively that is broad applications in decrease pathogenic fungi and therapeutic manufacturing. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114403.html The investigation was conducted in the Al-Hay agricultural land located in Wasit during the winter season of 2022-2023.The study aimed to examine the effects of differing concentrations of nanomagnesium (Mg), nanomanganese (Mn) (0.20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/L, and 0.0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 ppm and 0.20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/L, respectively) on the growth of lemongrass. To achieve this, the following parameters were investigated: leaf area, carotenoids, volatile oil, myrcene, and limonene; in addition to plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area.A single application of the compounds previously mentioned can have an important effect on the growth of lemongrass, particularly when present in high concentrations, as showed. The use of two-way interactions produced an array of results. The experimental design for the treatments is an effectively randomized factorial experiment (5×5×3) involving three replicates. The aim of this study's project is to determine the impact that manganese and magnesium nanoparticles have on the development and productivity of lemongrass. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114404.html In the first step of this procedure, 6,6'-(1,4-phenylene) bis(4-(4-aminophenyl) pyrimidin-2(1H)-one (MBAP) monomer was prepared by ring closure of bis chalcone derivatives (MBCH) by urea, and in the second step, conjugated poly azomethane (PAZM) was synthesized by polycondensation of (MBAP) with terephthalaldehyde and then doped with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to study the electrical conductivity behavior of its composite films. Various techniques were used to measure the composite properties: 1H- NMR, FTIR, and Raman spectra; thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), (DSC) differential scanning calorimetry, and (XRD) X-ray diffraction were used to investigate the link between the thermal stability of these polymers and their chemical structure. Composite materials' conductivity properties have also been thoroughly studied, the conductivity of the PAZM/CNTs (80%) weight composite was 8.48E-07 S.cm -1 achieved at 25°C. In the first step of this procedure, 6,6'-(1,4-phenylene) bis(4-(4-aminophenyl) pyrimidin-2(1H)-one (MBAP) monomer was prepared by ring closure of bis chalcone derivatives (MBCH) by urea, and in the second step, conjugated poly azomethane (PAZM) was synthesized by polycondensation of (MBAP) with terephthalaldehyde and then doped with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to study the electrical conductivity behavior of its composite films. Various techniques were used to measure the composite properties: 1H- NMR, FTIR, and Raman spectra; thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), (DSC) differential scanning calorimetry, and (XRD) X-ray diffraction were used to investigate the link between the thermal stability of these polymers and their chemical structure. Composite materials' conductivity properties have also been thoroughly studied, the conductivity of the PAZM/CNTs (80%) weight composite was 8.48E-07 S.cm -1 achieved at 25°C https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114405.html This study investigates the formation of nanocomposites on zinc substrates through the electrochemical process of zinc foil in sulfuric and phosphoric acid at room temperature. After immersing pure Zn into a solution containing 3.6g CuO in 15% H2SO4, ZnO and CuO microstructures were created. XRD and AFM techniques were used to characterize the thin films and 3-D microstructures. The (CuO-ZnO) composite had nanoscale size and an average of 68.78932nm, with ZnO having a wurtzite and zincite structure, and CuO crystals having a tenorite structure. The study also discusses the effects of the development and modification of CuO nanoparticles in a multi-bath as stabilizers and surfactants on the Zn morphology. The deposits with added CuO had larger particle sizes and thicker deposits, while the multi-bath in H3PO4 resulted in a more compact, thicker, and dense structure on the surface. The study also found that using more than one phase resulted in a protective, adherent, uniform, and plate-like morphology of the corrosion products. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114437.html This study pioneers the eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using Urginea maritima bulb extract (UMBE), presenting a novel and sustainable alternative to traditional chemical synthesis methods. The research focuses on optimizing synthesis parameters—temperature, pH, and incubation time—to create nanoparticles that not only avoid the use of toxic chemicals but also enhance the antioxidant capabilities of the resulting Ag NPs significantly beyond those of the native bulb extract. Our findings demonstrate that the optimal synthesis conditions, specifically at 95 °C, pH 11, and an incubation time of 1 hour, not only facilitate a rapid synthesis process but also yield nanoparticles with potent antioxidant properties. These properties are markedly superior to those of the native extract, suggesting potential applications in combating oxidative stress-related diseases. In-depth characterization of the Ag NPs was conducted using a suite of techniques such as UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). These analyses confirmed the successful synthesis of well-defined nanoparticles and elucidated their morphological, structural, and compositional attributes. This study not only highlights the dual functionality of UMBE as both a reducing and capping agent but also aligns with global sustainability goals by promoting safer, greener production practices in nanotechnology. The introduction of this novel synthesis approach could revolutionize the production of nanoparticles, making it more environmentally friendly and economically viable. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114454.html This study investigates the impact of interlayering on the interlaminar fracture toughness of laminated composites. Laminated composites are prone to delamination due to the different behavior of their constituents and poor adhesive bonding between layers. Delamination is the most common failure mechanism in these composites. Different solutions have been proposed to strengthen them against delamination, including fiber surface modification, matrix enhancement, and Z-Pinning. Among these solutions, interlayering has the greatest influence on maintaining the longitudinal properties of the composites. To improve interlaminar fracture toughness, good adhesion with other layers, high strength to resist crack growth, and prevention of nanoparticle agglomeration are essential. Interlayers can take different forms in terms of material and geometry. The research findings suggest hybrid interlayers composed of polymer and nanoparticles have the best influence on interlaminar fracture toughness. Also, in terms of geometry, interlayers with appropriate porosity and a 3D network, such as Buckypapers, yield the best results. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114455.html The manufacturing industry is facing a growing concern for environmental regulations and a demand for strong and lightweight materials. The use of brittle materials such as PLA can lead to higher costs due to their inefficiency and short lifespan. A common methods for improving the mechanical properties of polymer materials is through creating porosity, nano reinforcement or using cellular structures. This research aims to enhance the impact strength of 3D-printed parts made of PLA by altering their structure through the examination of various cell shapes, including circular, decagonal, octagonal, hexagonal, and square shapes, for mass reductions of 23, 36, and 43%. Charpy impact test was employed to investigate the design specimen’s impact strengths. Results showed that the cell shapes with few corners and no corners reasonably allow the formation of plastic hinges and improve the sample impact strength. Results demonstrated that the absorbed energy increases by 30-60% on average by creating a cellular structure. In addition, investigations showed that the impact strength of Sq43, Ci43, and He43 improved by 111%, 92%, and 44%, respectively, compared to cell-free 3D-printed PLA. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114456.html This work examines the preparation of polymer nanocomposites using strontium ferrite nanoparticles and their analysis using VSM, TGA, XRD and SEM methods. First, strontium ferrite nanoparticles were prepared by appropriate synthetic methods. Then these nanoparticles were used as a filler in the polymer matrix to prepare nanocomposites. Then, using VSM, the magnetic properties of nanocomposites were investigated. This method measures and studies the magnetic properties of the samples, including magnetization, hysteresis, and continuous and quasi-continuous magnetizations. Also, using TGA, weight changes of nanocomposites were evaluated as soon as the temperature changed. This method was used to check the thermography of the samples and determine their thermal stability and thermal decomposition. Also, using XRD, the crystal structure of nanocomposites was investigated. This method helped to identify the phases and crystal structure of the samples. Finally, by using SEM, the surface and morphology of nanocomposites were examined by imaging equipped with irradiated electrons. This method detected the size and distribution of particles in the samples and examined their surface structure. As a result, this work deals with the investigation and better understanding of polymer nanocomposites with high thermal properties and high flammability by using the methods of preparing strontium ferrite nanoparticles, preparing nanocomposite and using VSM, TGA, XRD and SEM analyses. These findings can be used in various industries, including polymer, electronics, energy, automotive and aerospace industries https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114457.html In recent years, the development of efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of hazardous pollutants has gained significant attention. This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of novel photocatalysts based on clay-supported titanium dioxide (TiO2) doped with noble metals such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), and palladium (Pd). The photocatalysts were designed for the effective removal of aromatic and toxic azo dyes under both ultraviolet (UV) and visible light. The synthesis process involves the incorporation of TiO2 onto clay surfaces, enhancing its photocatalytic activity. The introduction of Au, Ag, and Pd nanoparticles further enhances the catalytic performance, extending the range of light absorption to the visible spectrum. The resulting nanocomposites were thoroughly characterized using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), to elucidate their structural and morphological properties. Photocatalytic experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the synthesized nanocomposites in the degradation of aromatic and toxic azo dyes. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114458.html In this paper, the synthesis and identification of UV blocking ointments using titanium dioxide/zinc oxide/medicinal plant extracts composite has been studied. These ointments are used to protect the skin against harmful ultraviolet rays that may damage the skin. In this research, five main materials including titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, vitamin E, Aloevera, and sodium lauryl sulfate were used as surfactants and homogenizers. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized by ultrasonically assisted sol-gel method, while zinc oxide was synthesized by hydrothermal method at 24 hours. Vitamin E was extracted and used from pharmacy capsules, and Aloevera plant extract was obtained. The results of various analyzes including XRD, SEM, FT-IR, and EDX showed that the studied compounds were successfully synthesized and identified. Titanium dioxide nanometer particles were produced by forming a regular and homogeneous shape. The UV-VIS results also showed that the ointments have peaks associated with light absorption in a certain range, which points to the potential of using them in UV barrier products. Also, FT-IR and EDX spectra provided accurate confirmation of the chemical composition of the samples. This research facilitates improving our understanding of the properties of titanium dioxide and zinc nanoparticles and their applications in the UV barrier industry. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114464.html A new ligand derived from 2-amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid and 6-aminopenicillin acid was synthesized in a neutral medium pH = 7 to prepare new metal complexes of titanium(III), vanadium(III), and chromium(III). The ligand was characterized using FTIR, NMR, GCMass and UV-visible spectroscopy. The complexes were characterized using FTIR, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and atomic absorption spectroscopy. In addition to studying some of the physical properties of the prepared compounds, the results showed that the functional groups are (-N=N-N-). The carbonyl functional group (C=O) of the beta-lactam acts as a bond in a molar ratio with the metal (1:2) M:L to give octahedral complexes. Two different types of bacteria were used to test the antibacterial properties of the compounds and complexes (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). An excellent inhibitory effect against bacteria was found for the compound and its complexes (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114486.html In supported palladium nanoparticles on PMO, the Suzuki C-C coupling reaction by L-serine-based Pd@L-serine-PMO as a reusable catalyst could be a research gap. In different reaction condition, this material could save its efficiency and stability for a longer duration. Such studies may provide insights into whether the catalyst can effectively be used in organic syntheses after several reactions and under various conditions. Additionally, information about the interaction between Pd Nanoparticles and the L-Serine-PMO framework could be beneficial for improving the reusability and catalytic efficiency of this catalyst in the Suzuki C-C coupling reaction. One notable advancement highlighted in this article is the utilization of a catalyst that, as per the study conducted, has not previously been employed in facilitating the Suzuki coupling process. This study produced nano Pd@L-Serine-PMO. Suzuki C-C coupling technique was employed to study the catalytic activity of a new and effective heterogeneous catalyst. Nano Pd@L-Serine-PMO was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Some of the desirable features of this reaction are the mild reaction conditions, use of green solvents, short reaction times, and proper efficiency. It was possible to filter out the solid Nano Catalyst and reuse it several times without any decrease in activity https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114580.html In this study, the Fe3O4@SiO2/LS magnetic nanocomposite was used as an economical and suitable adsorbent to remove toxic metals Pb2+ and Cd2+ from an aqueous environment. The lipohydrophilic properties of the magnetic nanocomposite result in expansive multiphase activities, suitable dispersion, high collectability with a magnetic field, and physicochemical properties such as a high adsorption capacity for toxic metals Pb2+ and Cd2+. The properties of the nanocomposite were determined using methods such as FESEM-EDX, FT-IR, VSM, and XRD. To investigate the effects of the parameters influencing the adsorption process such as pH, adsorbent mass, contact time, initial concentration of Pb2+, and initial concentration of Cd2+, we used the response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD). The optimal conditions for removing Pb2+ up to 98% and Cd2+ up to 86% were obtained at pH=5.6, with 0.0318g adsorbent for initial concentrations of Pb2+ and Cd2+ (21, 21.01 ppm respectively), and a contact time of 8 minutes. In addition, the maximum adsorption capacity for the toxic metal ions Pb2+ and Cd2+ (0.996, 0.962 respectively) shows an expert fitting with the Langmuir isotherm model. The suitable kinetic model for both Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions is of the pseudo-second-order type. Thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous in nature. The magnetic nanocomposite exhibited a very good performance in real water sample tests. The examination of the reusability studies based on the recovery percentages showed that the Fe3O4/SiO2/LS magnetic nanocomposite has a significant performance after 5 adsorption-desorption cycles. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114666.html This study validated the efficiency of heavy metals, specifically cadmium ions, in wastewater.by PLA coating with iron oxide (hematite).Its special features encompass low cost-effectiveness and reduced production of residual waste, owing to its simple and uncomplicated design, and not requiring electrical power or difficult equipment for operation. Biopolymer is a cutting-edge technology in sustainable manufacturing. There is very limited study on the utilize of polymers in treating wastewater and fuel to remove heavy metals. One study used the filter method to remove arsenic in a large capacity. 129.87mg/g at PH 8. The process Was studied using various reaction parameters Including PH level, initial concentration pollutants, dose iron oxide coating PLA filter, infill density filter, and contact time. The tests revealed found that a removal of Cd(II) by PLA Filter with Coated Hematite was higher at pH 7.2 and the concentration of pollutants 300 mg/L, with Efficiency of removal 97.35%.and a maximum capacity of 134.835mg/g at 600 ppm. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114695.html Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and synthesis are a worldwide concern because they contribute to climate change and global warming. This work describes the attachment of oxygen-rich surface functional groups to MWCNTs through ultrasonication with a mixture of H2SO4/HNO3 and studying Adsorption behavior, temperature effects, isotherm analysis, and mechanism study. The MWCNTs surface had a few defects, according to the SEM study. After attachment of oxygen functional groups through ultrasonication, the surface roughness of MWCNTs was observed. Results of BET indicated decrease surface area and pore volume after functionalization Because of the presence of transport pores and the pore filling by acid molecules, the mass transfer properties were efficient. Using a volumetric method, the CO2 adsorption capacity was determined between 309 and 333 °K and pressures as high as 7 bar. The functionalization has made enhancement in CO2 capture capacity from 0.3428 to 0.5235 mmole/g. The breakthrough curves study variable flow rates (0.5, 1 and 1.5 l/m) and bed weights (1, 1.5, 2 g). Isotherms analysis shaw that the CO2 uptake decrease with temperature rises. Surface functionality groups and morphology of MWCNTs and Physical properties were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), surface area Brunauer Emmett and Teller (BET). The results of the study showed that the creation of carbon dioxide-adsorption sites on multi-walled CNTs during the functionalization process is caused by functional groups connected to carbon nanotubes surfaces, which raises the adsorption capacity of MWCNTs. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114817.html Recently, multi-component reactions (MCRs) have been purposeful and they have become a serious area of research in medicinal and chemical science. A highly impressive one-pot multicomponent synthesis of bis-spiro piperidine derivatives has been reported by performing the reaction of formaldehyde, aromatic aniline and dimedone (in ratio of 3:1:2) compounds. This reaction was performed in the presence of nanocellulose/BF3/Fe3O4 as Lewis acid and heterogeneous catalyst in ethanol at room temperature. Nano-cellulose/BF3/Fe3O4 as a Lewis acid catalyst has been synthesized and characterized with Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Thermal Gravimetry Analysis (TGA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and (Vibrating sample Magnetometry Measurements (VSM) analysis. The advantages of this protocol are low reaction time, high yield of products, simplicity of operation and reusability of catalyst. The structure of the obtained bis-spiro piperidine derivatives were studied by FT-IR and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114858.html In this work the effect of synergism of three components modified montmorillonite, iron nanoparticles and Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of the epoxy polymer were investigated. Also for obtaining anti-bacterial property, silver nanoparticles were added to polymeric matrix. Ag nanoparticles were synthesized by ultra-sound waves (400W, 60min) in the water as a green solvent. Disk diffusion test confirm anti-bacterial activity of the silver nanoparticles against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas. The morphology of the nanostructures was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Purity and phase of the product was approved by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and Fourrier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Iron nanoparticles because of magnetic property have a appropriate role as a barrier against flame and oxygen and protect inner layer. Because of interaction of Fe nanoparticles and Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) , we observe long last presence of Br in the environment. Clay also is known as an effective nano-material structure for improving flame retardancy and thermal stability of the polymer matrixes. Thermal stability of the polymeric nancomposite was studied via thermal gravimetric (TGA) analysis, also flame retardancy was confirmed applying cone calorimeter, UL-94 test and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114859.html This study introduces an innovative approach to developing active substrates for molecular detection by enhancing surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The substrates were fabricated using porous silicon coated with nanostructures, which were produced via the electrical exploding wire (arc plasma) technique. The research focused on examining the influence of plasmonic nanostructure morphologies on absorption spectra and SERS performance, using Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) dye as the test analyte. The structural properties of the nanostructures were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), while their morphologies were analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to investigate the surface topographies of the substrates, optimizing them for SERS applications. The absorption of Rh6G dye at a concentration of 1×10^-5 M was measured with a double-beam UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and the impact of different nanostructure concentrations was evaluated. Raman spectra analysis was conducted using a Sunshine Raman spectrometer with a 50x objective lens, comparing the performance of substrates made from silver nanowires on porous silicon (PSi-AgNWs) and silver nanowires decorated with silver nanoparticles on porous silicon (PSi-AgNWs@AgNPs).The findings demonstrated that hot spots and surface roughness in the nanostructures significantly enhanced SERS signals and absorption spectra. With a laser source at λexc.=532 nm, the SERS enhancement factor (EF) for Rh6G at a concentration of 0.1 M reached (26.716 × 104) and (31.219 × 104) for the characteristic peak at 1652 cm-1, using PSi-AgNWs and PSi-AgNWs@AgNPs substrates, respectively https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114932.html Objectives: When acquired or congenital defects need restoration, maxillofacial silicone is the material of choice. Silicone, nevertheless, is far from perfect in quality. Examining the effects of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) nanoparticles (nps) added at concentrations of 0.5% and 1% on the physical and mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomers was the primary objective of this research.Methods: In order to verify the size of the particles in (YSZ), the particle size analyzer was used. A 0.5% and 1% weight of YSZnps was added to the maxillofacial silicone (VST-50) Room Temperature Vulcanized (RTV). There were 96 samples divided into three groups one control and two experimental,10 samples were evaluated for each. Each set of criteria included tear strength, tensile strength, and Shore-A hardness. Additionally, three samples were tested for Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Field Emission Scanning Electronic Microscope (FESEM).For the purpose of studying the dispersion of YSZnps in silicone elastomer, the following instruments were utilized: particle size analyzer, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Then SPSS (26.0) version have been used to analyze the data statistically.Results: All the results of the conducted tests were significantly higher after the nano particles addition. The silicone elastomers showed a well-distributed nanoparticle in the FESEM pictures. There was no chemical change as seen by the FTIR spectra.Conclusions: We conclude that the most appropriate addition of YSZ NPs in percentage https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114960.html Objective Objective of this study was to investigate the effect on shear bond strength, hardness of the soft denture lining material reinforced by salinized silicon carbide Nanoparticles. Material and methods Silanized Silicon carbide NPs were added to the heat cured acrylic soft lining material. 60 specimens have been prepared according to the tests (surface hardness, shear bond strength), each group consisted of 30 specimens and these were subdivided into three groups: Control group, Reinforced heat cure acrylic soft liner (0.4% wt. SiC nanoparticles) group and Reinforce heat cure acrylic soft liner (0.6% wt. SiC nanoparticles) group. the strength of the shear bond, hardness of soft liner/ NPs composites was measured, ResultThe results showed a highly significant increase in Shear bond strength and hardness of soft lining material at 0.6% and 0.4% wt sci NP compared to control specimens.Conclusion the addition of silicon carbide nanoparticle into heat cure acrylic soft liner material improves mechanical properties such as surface hardness and shear bond strength. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114961.html Background: It is widely acknowledged that heat-cured soft denture lining materials sold commercially are far from ideal. As a result, the qualities of soft lining materials need to be improved. - This study aimed to evaluate how various proportions of graphene nanoparticles affected the mechanical characteristics of soft denture lining materials, such as surface roughness and hardness. - Materials and methods: In varying weight percentages (0.5% and 1% by weight), graphene nanoparticles were added to a soft denture lining material. Initially, a probe sonication device was used to distribute the silanized graphene nanoparticles into the soft-liner monomer. Then the soft-liner powder was added and mixed according to the manufacturer's instructions. 60 specimens were prepared and separated into three groups according to the test to be performed.FTIR investigation was performed to ascertain whether GNPs and the soft liner were undergoing any chemical reactions.- Results: Using FTIR analysis, the current study showed that there was no chemical reaction between the soft lining material and GNPs. The mean hardness value significantly increased, while the surface roughness remained unaffected.-Conclusion: The two surface roughness measurement techniques support one another because they produce different findings. AFM frequently conducts a more detailed surface investigation than a profilometer. The hardness of heat-cured acrylic-based soft denture liner material raised significantly with the addition of GNPs.