Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Department of Biology. College of Education for Pure Science, University of Diyala , Ba’agubah, Diyala, Iraq
Abstract
Keywords
INTRODUCTION
One of the main pillars of the current scientific-industrial revolution, nanotechnology will support the advancement of science and technology during the coming decades [1,2]. Future technological improvement may arise from the combination of nanotechnology and other fields [2,3]. The production of intelligent materials that may help with the creation of bio-smart devices is one of the consequences of nanotechnology [4,5]. It makes it abundantly evident that developing and manufacturing nano-based systems ought to be a national priority [6]. Nanotechnology has made very basic applications in pharmacy possible, and patient-centered design and disease-driven, intelligent, and targeted medications are the major objectives in this discipline [7-10]. The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of nanodrugs can be controlled by these nano-based systems, which exhibit particular potency and the capacity to detect the damaged environment in the tissue [11–13]. If these medications do not fulfill the standards for their implementation, they will not be activated [14]. These medications are designed to precisely forecast their function, a feature that is absent from existing methods. International research efforts are concentrated on the use of nanotechnology in medicine in connection with the prompt detection and potential treatment of cancer [15,16]. Fundamental shifts in how to approach the possible treatment of cancer may be brought about by nanotechnology [17,18].
Conversely, the abuse of antibiotics to eradicate the germs has resulted in antibiotic resistance and the rise of infectious diseases [19]. Therefore, in order to stop the growth of germs, it is imperative to search for new antibacterial compounds (new generation of antibacterial medications). Nanoparticles (NPs) of silver, gold, silver, and platinum have strong antibacterial properties. These particles’ incredibly small size and surface-to-volume ratio are the causes of this property [20-26]. Therefore, because of the NPs’ strong antibacterial action, they can be employed to improve food packaging safety [27,28] and to create a new class of antibacterial medications [29,30]. Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) have displayed remarkable characteristics in this field due to their promising physicochemical properties, including the anisotropy constant, coercivity and Curie temperature, saturation magnetization, and ease of fabrication [31]. Co3O4 NPs have been reported to be used in various medical applications, including targeted drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cancer therapy [32-35] and MRI [36,37]. However, before introducing NPs as antibacterial or anticancer agents, their effects on biological systems, such as protein structure, should be taken into consideration [38,39]. Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most extensively researched protein and has numerous uses in pharmacology, biochemistry, and biophysics [40]. The most prevalent protein in plasma, HSA transports a variety of medications and NPs to meet different therapeutic needs. In addition, HSA maintains osmotic pressure, controls blood pH, and transports hormones, fatty acids, and other substances [41,42]. Albumin is utilized as a circulating reservoir for several metabolites due to its ability to bind to ligands [43]. In biological processes, the way proteins interact with various ligands is crucial [44,45].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of nano (Co3O4)
Using the sol-gel method, cobalt oxide nanoparticles are made by dissolving 35 grams of cobalt nitrate in 35 milliliters of distilled water with a magnetic stirrer, adding urea, heating the mixture for an hour at 110 degrees Celsius to form a gel, and then drying the gel for another hour at 280 degrees Celsius to produce cobalt oxide powder. The finished product was analyzed using X-ray diffraction and FE-SEM techniques.
The isolating bacteria from Diyala river
A water sample was taken from Diyala River in Baqubah city, then it was grown on two agricultural media: Maconkey, and Molarhinton agar for 24 h at 37C . After that, the bacteria growth culture media, which was Molarhinton agar, and it was Escherichia coli.
Studying Antibacterial Activity of nano (Co3O4)
To observe the impact on bacterial growth, we choose a portion of dishes and introduce a nano-cobalt oxide capsule. After that, to observe how oxide affects bacteria, all of the plates are placed in an incubator set at 37 °C for a day.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig. 1 showed that prepared material is cobalt oxide (Co3O4) after matching with ICCD Card no.(96-900-5889) and the crystal system is cubic, where the location of peaks at 2θ=( 18.96, 31.21, 36.78, 44.73, 59.25, 65.11) and its Miller indices (111 , 022 , 131 , 040 ,151 , 044). the trend of growth is (131) and the crystal size is (29.2) nm measure by Debye sherrer equation:
D= Kλ /β cos Ө
Where K=0.9 and λ = 0.154060 nm.
The surface form of Co3O4 made by the Sol-Gel technique was examined with a scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). At magnifications of 120000 X, FE-SEM images were used to examine the surface morphology of Co3O4. The surface morphology of Co3O4 is usually densely packed with pinholes. The grains are also available in a range of sizes and semi-spherical shapes, such as nano cauliflower. This result aligns with the reference [46]. Additionally, Fig. 2 shows how the grains were evenly distributed across the entire surface and devoid of imperfections like fissures.
Fig. 3 shows the antibacterial properties of the produced Co3O4 NPs. The results showed that the produced Co3O4 NPs significantly reduced the antibacterial activity of the harmful bacteria under study. Fig. 3 illustrates how nanocobalt oxide’s capacity to eradicate Escherichia coli germs rises with its concentration.
CONCLUSION
The prepared cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) material was successfully characterized and its properties analyzed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of Co₃O₄ with a cubic crystal system by matching with ICCD Card No. (96-900-5889). The surface morphology of Co₃O₄ prepared via the sol-gel technique was studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). At high magnification (120,000×), the surface exhibited densely packed grains with semi-spherical shapes resembling nano cauliflower, consistent with literature findings. The grains were uniformly distributed without significant defects such as fissures, indicating the successful synthesis and quality of the material. The antibacterial activity of Co₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) was evaluated against harmful bacteria, specifically Escherichia coli. The results demonstrated a concentration-dependent antibacterial effect, with increasing Co₃O₄ NP concentrations showing enhanced bacterial eradication. This highlights the potential of Co₃O₄ NPs for applications in antimicrobial treatments and related fields. In conclusion, the prepared Co₃O₄ nanoparticles exhibit desirable structural, morphological, and antibacterial properties, making them suitable candidates for advanced material applications.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this manuscript.
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