University of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Clinical Evaluation of Nano-antibiotics in Reducing Drug Resistance: A Prospective Clinical Trial in Wasit Province, Iraq4500450911561310.22052/JNS.2026.04.001ENThana Abdalmuhee MohamedAlbassamDepartment of Medical Laboratory Techniques, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kut University, Wasit, IraqZainab AbdullahKareemDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kut University, Wasit, IraqZainab HusseinAjeelDepartment of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kut University, Wasit 52001, IraqHadeel SaeedHadiCollege of Pharmacy, Al-Kut University, Wasit, IraqDina Hadi AbdullahAlaqebeDepartment of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kut University, Wasit 52001, IraqNoorFadhilDepartment of Clinical and Translational Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kut University, Wasit, IraqZainab AdelImranDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Anesthesia Techniques, Al-Kut University, Wasit, IraqOsamah Ismael FarhanAlrikabiDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kut University, Wasit, IraqDalia NaeemAbdulkareemDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kut University, Wasit, IraqTaif MMaryooshDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kut University, Wasit, IraqJournal Article20260407Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest threats to world health in the 21st century. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms in healthcare facilities in Iraq have severely restricted treatment choices, especially in Wasit Province. Nano-antibiotic formulations, where traditional antimicrobial agents are encapsulated in or conjugated to nanoparticles, are a promising approach in overcoming antimicrobial resistance. Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial was carried out from March 2023 to January 2024 at Al-Zahra Teaching Hospital and Al-Karama Teaching Hospital. In total, 240 patients with confirmed MDR bacterial infections were randomized (1:1) to receive one of the nano-antibiotic formulations (AgNP-AMX, ZnO-CIP) or conventional standard-of-care antibiotics. The main outcome measure was the clinical cure rate on day 14. Microbiological eradication, time to defervescence, length of hospital stay and adverse event profile were secondary endpoints. Clinical cure was achieved in 87.5% of the nano-antibiotic group versus 64.2% of the conventional group (p < 0.001; RR 1.36, 95% CI 1.18–1.57). The rates of microbiological eradication were 91.7% and 60.8%, respectively (p < 0.001). The median time to defervescence was significantly lower in the nano-antibiotic arm than in the control arm (3.2 days vs 5.7 days; p = 0.003). A reduction in the MIC was observed for all the organisms being tested. No serious adverse events due to nanotechnology use were reported. Nano-antibiotic formulations showed better clinical and microbiological results than conventional antibiotics in clinical settings of MDR infections in Wasit Province. The results reported here warrant additional large-scale experiments to confirm the use of nano-antibiotics as a potential clinical approach to combat AMR.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115613_66b85c55a59f584249f87fa329a2a43e.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Synergistic Effects of Fly Ash with Nanoparticles Additive on the Behavior of Calcined Kaolin Clay Based Self-Compacting Geopolymer Concrete4510452211561410.22052/JNS.2026.04.002ENZaid HasanJaberCivil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, IraqHaider M.OwaidCivil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, IraqJournal Article20260419Self-compacting geopolymer concrete (SCGPC) is a sustainable construction material that eliminates the need for both mechanical compaction and Portland cement. This study investigated the effects of multi-blended binders and nanoparticles on the fresh and mechanical properties of calcined kaolin clay (CKC)-based SCGPC. Six mixtures were prepared with a constant binder content of 493 kg/m³ and an alkaline liquid-to-binder ratio of 0.50. The mixtures were divided into binary and nano-modified ternary systems. The control mix contained 100% CKC. In the binary system, fly ash (FA) replaced CKC at 40%, 50%, and 60%. The optimum binary mixture was then modified by replacing 2% of CKC with either nano-alumina (NA) or nano-calcium carbonate (NC) to produce ternary mixtures. Fresh properties were evaluated using slump flow, L-box, and V-funnel tests, while compressive and splitting tensile strengths were measured to assess mechanical performance. The incorporation of FA improved workability compared with the control mixture, with the 50% CKC–50% FA blend exhibiting the highest slump flow and lowest V-funnel time. Although the addition of NA or NC slightly reduced workability, all mixtures satisfied EFNARC requirements. Mechanically, the nano-modified ternary mixtures outperformed both the control and binary mixtures. Compared with the optimum binary mix, the 2% NA mixture increased compressive strength by 17.8% and 10.3% at 7 and 28 days, respectively, while the 2% NC mixture achieved corresponding increases of 13.7% and 9.5%. Both nanoparticles also enhanced splitting tensile strength, demonstrating their effectiveness in producing high-performance SCGPC with acceptable workability.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115614_1c09534e4fde6c79d7c8deb1419e5713.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Structural Analysis, Adsorption Behavior, and DFT Study of Alizarin on CuO-αFe₂O₃ Nanocomposite4523453211560710.22052/JNS.2026.04.003ENMudeer MubarakMerzaDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, IraqBasma IsamJasimDepartment of Chemical and Petroleum Industries Engineering Techniques, Polytechnic College of Engineering Specializations, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, IraqRasha M.DadooshDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, IraqNibras Abdul-AmeerAboudDepartment of Chemical and Petroleum Industries Engineering Techniques, Polytechnic College of Engineering Specializations, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, IraqAli J.Al-SarrayPolymer Research Unit, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, IraqJournal Article20260405A novel nanocomposite of the synergetic effect of CuO and αFe2O3 was firstly synthesized and died for alizarin dye (ALZ) removal from aqueous solution as studied in this work. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed distinct structural characteristics of the nanocomposite, with the crystallite size ranged 13.96 nm in average. The results of the adsorption experiments, which produced fits to the Freundlich isotherm model, indicated that this nanocomposite was effective for ALZ removal. Thermodynamic investigations showed that the adsorption is favoured and endothermic, as indicated by enthalpy change ΔH 0 values. Molecular insights into adsorption mechanism were obtained from computational modeling (Density Functional Theory -DFT calculations). The energy gap of CuO-αFe2O3 composite is increased from 1.49 eV to 2.47 eV after the adsorption behaviour of ALZ molecule, suggesting that more stable process occurs during adsorption action. In addition, the energy of chemical adsorption is much more negative than that of physical adsorption, which reveals that hydrogen transfer through chemisorption is more favorable from a thermodynamic perspective. The coalesced experimental-theoretical work reported here will help develop novel environmental adsorbents aimed at practical uses of CuO-αFe2O3 nanocomposites in various fields.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115607_e4f9f477b670baad98819d947c1271c9.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, Antioxidant Activity and Molecular Docking Study of a Novel Schiff Base Silver (I) Micro/Nano-Complex Against A549 Lung Cancer Cells4533455111561510.22052/JNS.2026.04.004ENGhusoon FaidhiHameedDepartment of Chemistry, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah, IraqDuha M.EidanDepartment of Chemistry, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah, IraqZahraa FalahKhudairDepartment of Chemistry, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah, IraqJournal Article20260506Due to their versatile structural characteristics and biomedicinal activities, Schiff base ligands have been extensively investigated, including in combination with metal complexes. We report here the synthesis of a novel Schiff base ligand (SBOSA) and its corresponding silver(I) complex and their application as potential antioxidant/anticancer agents. The ligand was prepared by condensation with Ag(I) ions, thereby forming a stable complex. The synthesised compounds were characterised in detail using physical and spectroscopy techniques, such as Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), 1H-NMR, 13C–NMR, UV–Vis, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), FESEM & magnetic susceptibility evaluation Spectral analyses supported the coordination of azomethine nitrogen and oxygen donor atoms to an Ag(I) centre, resulting in a stable square-planar complex geometry. The XRD and FESEM analyses also showed that the synthesized materials are nanoscale crystalline. Antioxidant and cytotoxic studies were conducted to assess the biological actions of these compounds. The free ligand was found to exhibit significant in vitro antioxidant activity using the DPPH radical-scavenging assay. The cytotoxic effects on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells were studied in vitro using the MTT assay. Concentration-dependent anticancer activity was demonstrated for both the ligand and its Ag(I) complex, although the free ligand showed better cytotoxic potency as well as selectivity against cancer cell lines than the corresponding metal complex. In addition, the molecular docking results against BCL-2 (PDB ID: 2XA0) indicated that the more stable protein–ligand complex represents an excellent binding mode. Highest binding occurred with the free ligand through hydrogen- bond interactions and Ag(I)through surface-enhanced geometrical stabilization by π–π stacking interactions.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115615_a00bac9e17faedbb926a2719fe49b601.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Biosynthesized CuO:NiO Nanocomposites Against DU145 Cells4552456511561610.22052/JNS.2026.04.005ENAli A.FayyadhMinistry of Education, General Directorate of Wasit Education, Wasit, IraqJawad N. K.MakasseesMiMinistry of Education, General Directorate of Wasit Education, Wasit, Iraqnistry of Education, General Directorate of Wasit Education, Wasit, Iraq0009-0009-2495-1971Ali K.HattabDepartment of Physics, College of Science, University of Wasit, Wasit, IraqJournal Article20260305In vitro cytotoxic evaluation of CuO:NiO nanocomposites synthesized using two phytogenic routes employing Cinnamomum cassia and Mentha plant extracts against human prostate cancer cell line (DU145) and human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) were investigated in this study. Also, comprehensive characterization to study the structural and morphological analyses using XRD, FTIR, FESEM, and EDX techniques. According to XRD, Cinnamomum cassia-mediated and Mentha-mediated nanocomposites formed crystalline phases with 25.14 nm and 20.27 nm crystallite sizes, respectively. FESEM observations revealed that the particles in Cinnamomum cassia-mediated nanocomposites are clustered and spherical, while in Mentha-mediated nanocomposites, they are more uniform in size and less likely to cluster. The elemental analysis of EDX found Cu, Ni, and O in both nanocomposites, but the Cinnamomum cassia had a higher amount of Cu (33.69%) and Ni (28.00%) than those prepared using Mentha (Cu: 21.87% and Ni: 22.10%). Both types of nanocomposites were found to have low toxicity toward the normal HFF cells, but were more selective cytotoxicity against the DU145 cancer cells. The anticancer effect of Cinnamomum cassia-based nanocomposites show greater (IC50 = 864.41 μg/mL) than that of Mentha-based nanocomposites (IC50 = 920.28 μg/mL). The morphological analysis of cells after cancer therapy showed that cell changes indicating apoptosis were more pronounced between 400-800 μg/mL. Based on the results, producing CuO:NiO nanocomposites with useful applications in cancer therapy can be achieved with green synthesis by using plant extracts, since the type of compounds in the extract greatly influences both the properties and the biological activity of the final nanocomposites.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115616_45615c3915ae82df138826bfb4dd09e1.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Nano-Encapsulated Date Palm Pollen Extract Protects HepG2 Cells Against Bisphenol A-Induced Oxidative Stress4566457611561710.22052/JNS.2026.04.006ENAsaad H.AlzaidyDepartment of Laboratory and Clinical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Al Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah, IraqFarah RazzaqKbyehDepartment of Laboratory and Clinical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Al Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah, IraqMohamed Abdul RidaYaseenDepartment of Laboratory and Clinical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Al Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah, IraqJournal Article20260409Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widespread endocrine-disrupting contaminant whose hepatotoxicity is driven, to a large extent, by oxidative stress. Date palm pollen (Phoenix dactylifera L., DPP) is a cheap and abundant source of phenolic antioxidants, but its practical use is limited by poor stability and low bioavailability. In the present work a phenolic-rich aqueous-ethanolic DPP extract was encapsulated in chitosan–tripolyphosphate nanoparticles by ionic gelation, and its ability to protect HepG2 cells from BPA-induced injury was compared with that of the free extract. The optimised nanoparticles were small and fairly uniform (mean diameter ≈ 196 nm; PDI ≈ 0.24), carried a positive surface charge (≈ +31 mV) and entrapped the extract efficiently (encapsulation efficiency ≈ 68%; loading capacity ≈ 19%). Successful loading was confirmed by FTIR, XRD and FESEM, which together indicated that the polyphenols were physically embedded within an essentially amorphous chitosan matrix of roughly spherical morphology. Exposure of HepG2 cells to BPA lowered viability and raised intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde, while depleting reduced glutathione and the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Pre-treatment with the nano-encapsulated extract reversed these changes more strongly than the free extract at the same nominal dose, restoring antioxidant enzyme activity and returning ROS close to control values. The results suggest that chitosan-based nano-encapsulation markedly improves the cytoprotective performance of DPP polyphenols, and identify the nanoformulation as a promising candidate for limiting BPA-related hepatic oxidative damage.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115617_b3437e63a8681e7052a6340b5d5ee37b.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Silicon-Modified ZnC/ZnO Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Characterization and Anticorrosion Performance4577458711561810.22052/JNS.2026.04.007ENNada SaadAbdDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Thi-Qar, Thi-Qar 64001, IraqSaad ShahadMohammedDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Thi-Qar, Thi-Qar 64001, IraqJournal Article20260427A green and comparatively simple route was used to prepare a silicon-modified ZnC/ZnO nanocomposite, after which its capacity to protect stainless steel against acid attack was examined. Zinc nitrate hexahydrate served as the zinc source, a small quantity of silicon nanopowder was introduced as the modifier, and an aqueous extract of Ziziphus spina-christi (Sidr) leaves was employed at once as a reducing/capping agent and as the carbon precursor. Following precipitation under mildly alkaline conditions, the solid was calcined at 600°C under an argon atmosphere, a step that preserved a carbon-rich phase next to the oxide instead of burning it away. X-ray diffraction confirmed a well-crystallized hexagonal wurtzite ZnO together with reflections that belong to crystalline silicon, while the plant-derived carbon stayed largely amorphous. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy showed agglomerated, roughly spheroidal primary particles of about 36–64 nm that assembled into porous, cauliflower-like clusters; energy-dispersive spectroscopy detected only Zn, Si, C and O, in line with the intended composition. Thermogravimetric analysis pointed to good thermal stability, the total mass loss up to 900°C being only around 5.7%. Diffuse-reflectance spectra placed the near-band-edge absorption near 381 nm, equivalent to an optical band gap close to 3.2eV, with a tail extending into the visible. Tested in 0.5M H₂SO₄ by the weight-loss method, the composite behaved as a moderate inhibitor for 304 stainless steel; the inhibition efficiency increased with dose and with pH but decreased as the temperature and the immersion time were raised, which is consistent with a mainly physical adsorption mechanism.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115618_d13dd7e7629388deb24c77d762c55967.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001A Novel Nanocomposite Hydrogel Designed for Biomedical Applications and Synthesized Using Polyvinyl Alcohol, Chitosan, and SiO₂: Formulation and Morphological Characterization4588459511561910.22052/JNS.2026.04.008ENKarrar NajehChfatCollege of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Hillah, IraqNoor HadiAysaDepartment of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Hillah, IraqShafq Al-AzzawiDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Hillah, IraqJournal Article20260503Nanocomposite hydrogels (NCHGs) have recently emerged as promising materials for different biomedical applications, including cellular therapy, wound dressings and controlled drug delivery due to their high-water absorption capacity and biocompatibility. NCHGs are three-dimensional, interconnected and swellable polymer. This work aims to synthesize NCHGs with varying ratios of chitosan /polyvinyl alcohol polymers and functionalized with silica to improve structural integrity and morphological characteristics, and to characterize it and evaluate its swelling in physiological environments. The NCHG was developed by controlled blending and crosslinking techniques, ensuring homogeneous dispersion of SiO₂ nanoparticles throughout the polymer matrix. The characterization included Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, which confirmed the successful integration of components, revealing characteristic interactions between the hydroxyl and amine functional groups of the polymers and the silica. While X-ray diffraction indicated the successful incorporation of nanoparticles without compromising the structural integrity of the polymer network. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy revealed a rough and porous morphology, providing an effective scaffold for nanoparticle incorporation. The results of swelling showed controlled behaviour that enhance high swelling in acidic environments as in tumor, and retain its stability in neutral environments. In conclusion, the developed NCHG suggests its significance in various medical applications and including drug loading and control release, due to their highly porous, strong water absorption capacity and controlled swelling behaviour.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115619_8196a637ac09613f057b1eb44dc418ac.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Eplerenone-HPMC Nanosuspension, Formulation and Evaluation4596460411562010.22052/JNS.2026.04.009ENEsraaGhazyDepartment of Pharmacy, Alrasheed University College, IraqAlaa AbdullahAbdulqaderDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Tikrit, IraqZainab M.SalihDepartment of Pharmacy, Alrasheed University College, IraqJournal Article20260510It is a BCS Class II medicine with low solubility and high permeability. EPR has low bioavailability, which is largely dependent on the drug’s solubility. A nanosuspension of EPR was generated using a bottom-up method via the solvents/antisolvent’s procedure, characterized by particle size analysis, polydispersity index, and entrapment efficiency, and then the selected formulation was evaluated by dissolution testing, FTIR, and FESEM. Nanosuspensions were prepared via the solvent/anti-solvent procedure, using different polymer types and ratios. This resulted in the formation of a nanosuspension with particle sizes ranging from 84 nm to 1147 nm, entrapment up to 96%, and Drug content of 99%. The particle size of the optimum formulation, consisting of EPR: HPMC E5 in a ratio of drug: stabilizer (HPMC E5):co-stabilizer (Tween 80 (1:1), measured in nanostructure, was 78.3 ± 0.03, with a PDI of 0.2, which is in the nanosized range; drug content of optimum formula 99 %, and entrapment was 96%. FTIR shows a distinct peak for the drug, indicating no chemical interaction between EPR and HPMC E5. FESEM shows the size and shape of the nanosuspension. HPMC E5 is an efficient polymeric stabilizer for EPR, enhancing solubility and bioavailability.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115620_226bd1b62ae50b96152abd4f53d3face.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Rational Design, Development, and Physicochemical Characterization of Gallic Acid- and Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Selenium Nanoparticles4605461111562110.22052/JNS.2026.04.010ENDhuha Al-HasnawiCollege of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Hillah, IraqDhafirMashetaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Babylon, IraqAsim A.BalakitDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Babylon, IraqJournal Article20260515Nano carriers are efficient drug delivery systems for targeting various diseases, including cancer. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have garnered significant interest due to their advantageous physicochemical characteristics and prospective applications in nanodrug delivery systems. This study involved the rational design, synthesis, and physicochemical characterization of gallic acid- and hyaluronic acid-functionalized selenium nanoparticles (GA /HA-SeNPs) by a simple aqueous reduction process. Various HA: Se and GA: Se mass ratios were examined to identify the optimal formulation for generating stable and monodisperse nanoparticles. The produced nanoparticles were evaluated using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential analysis to assess particle size distribution, polydispersity index (PDI), and colloidal stability. HA-functionalized SeNPs demonstrated Z-average diameters between 123.6 and 130.8 nano meters (nm), with PDI values ranging from 0.085 to 0.182. Zeta potential readings varied from −12.8 to −24.8 millivolt (mV), signifying satisfactory colloidal stability. The inclusion of gallic acid further optimized the characteristics of the nanoparticles. The ideal formulation was achieved with HA: Se and GA:Se ratios of 5:1, resulting in nanoparticles with a particle size of 98.91 nm, a PDI of 0.065, and a zeta potential of −16.7 mV. These results indicate the effective creation of stable and homogenous functionalized selenium nanoparticles appropriate for prospective nanomedical applications.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115621_67d0b9adf3e639b348c83f56654be738.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Tailoring Electrical Performance of PVA-PVP-SiC Composites Using CuO Nanofiller4612461811562210.22052/JNS.2026.04.011ENZainab H.WetwetMinistry of Education, Director of Education, Babylon, IraqDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Education for Pure Science, University of Babylon, Babylon, IraqBahaa H.RabeeDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Education for Pure Science, University of Babylon, Babylon, IraqHuda BukheetHassanDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Education for Pure Science, University of Babylon, Babylon, IraqJournal Article20260405This study examined the morphological, structural, and insulating effects of incorporating CuO nanoparticles into PVA-PVP-SiC-based polymer composites. Casting was used to create PVA/PVP/SiC/CuO composites in varying concentrations (0.0, 0.3, 0.7, and 1 percent by weight). Additionally, the addition of nanobubbles using an ultrasonic instrument demonstrated that these compounds had unique features in comparison to other nanocomposites and that they significantly improved insulation because the nanoparticles improved polarization and increased the number of charge carriers in the polymer system.. Due to the buildup of charges at the particle-polymer interfaces, the dielectric constant and electrical conductivity dramatically increased by 47% and 82%, respectively, when the compound content reached 1%wt. CuO compounds demonstrated a consistent improvement due to their semiconducting nature. The compounds’ structural properties were examined using optical microscopy (OM) and FE-SEM methods. Furthermore, the dielectric properties were examined in the 100 Hz–5 MHz frequency range. These results imply that CuO compounds are more successful at improving electrical insulation and can be used in a range of nanodielectrics.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115622_9d08aac9ce69d5c1cc5e69e10bb1bafb.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Formulation and Characterization Nano Niosomes Loaded with Diclofenac Sodium4619463311562410.22052/JNS.2026.04.012ENMustafa H.Al-HamadaniDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Alkafeel, Najaf, IraqAl-Najaf Health Directorate, Najaf, IraqSarmadAl-EdresiDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, IraqJournal Article20260427Diclofenac sodium is a member of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It has been widely prescribed NSAID worldwide. It has analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects. Topical application has a relatively short duration of action needed for multiple uses. This study aimed to produce Nano-vesicles loading with Diclofenac sodium to achieve a control release behaviour. The coacervation phase separation method was used to prepare proniosomes vesicles from different surfactants, lecithin, cholesterol, Ethanol and buffer phosphate (pH 7.4) with 1 % glycerine where characterized surface by using TEM and DSL. The surfactant type, surfactant amount, and lecithin amount were adjusted to produce different preparations having various properties. Response surface methodology (RSM) by Design-Expert® software was employed for the design of the experiment (DOE). A transmission electron microscope was employed to characterize the morphology and surface characteristics of the Niosomes. Entrapment efficiency and in vitro release were, also, analysed. Results revealed Niosomes with a particle size of about 96.8 nm and an entrapment efficiency of 80.53 %. The in vitro release study revealed a control-released behaviour for up to 32 h, as compared to plain hydrogel (diclofenac powder in hydrogel base) that was completely released in 4 h. In a conclusion, the preparation of Niosomes vesicles loaded with diclofenac sodium was successfully prepared in the nanoscale range and control release was successfully achieved.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115624_e2ad7dca28c0b0141a6328ea9939eb0a.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Structural, Morphological, and Optical Properties of Si Quantum Dot-Doped Cs₂NaBiI₆ Lead-Free Double Perovskites4643465011562610.22052/JNS.2026.04.014ENMuna SaeedOwayezDepartment of General Science, College of Basic Education, Misan University, IraqMajid R.Al-bahraniLaboratory of Nanomaterials and Plasma, College of Science, University of Thi-Qar, Thi Qar, IraqHaidar GazyAl-sabahDepartment of General Science, College of Basic Education, Misan University, IraqJournal Article20260423The intensifying need for the removal of hazardous lead from perovskite optoelectronics has spurred thorough investigation into environmentally benign replacements, but lead-free perovskites are historically limited by low stability under ambient conditions and less than ideal optoelectric performance Herein, we disclose a pioneering approach to remedy these problems via compositional engineering of silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) as well as their controlled incorporation onto the surface of the lead-free double perovskite matrix Cs₂NaBiI₆. Using a simple hydrothermal synthesis route, we systematically studied the influence of the doping of SiQDs at low (1%,3%, and 5%) concentrations on the structural, morphological and optical characteristics of the host material. Through X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy comprehensive characterizations demonstrate that the optimal doping of SiQDs is 3%. With this high concentration of SiQDs, pronounced grain refinement (down to 100 nm), improved crystallinity, efficient defect passivation and a blue bathochromic shift in the absorption edge work together for the better light-harvesting characteristics. In contrast, 5% over doping results in quantum dot agglomeration and interfacial degradation that severely decrease the optoelectronic performance. Our findings described herein establish SiQDs-mediated engineering as a robust, sustainable means to industrially harness the interplay between individual components of lead-free perovskite systems to maximize performance; thereby unlocking promising candidates—like Cs₂NaBiI₆ for next-generation, scale-invariant and green photovoltaics and optoelectronic devices.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115626_29663cd6a05b4d68f156b5607f120698.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of NiFe₂O₄ Nanocomposite Against Bacteria and Breast Cancer Cells4651466311562710.22052/JNS.2026.04.015ENAthraa MohammedRashedDepartment of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Diyala, IraqSaja A.AlmamaieDepartment of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Diyala, IraqMarwa IsmailMubarakDepartment of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Diyala, IraqWaseela Abdul RedahAbdulDepartment of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Diyala, IraqAlaudeen S.KhlafDepartment of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Diyala, IraqJournal Article20260521In this study, some spinel nanocomposites (NiFe2O4) were prepared by co-precipitation method (NiFe2O4) by green chemistry method. The spinel nanocomposites were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, ATR low total reflectance, XRD, EDX, SEM and AFM. FTIR spectroscopy of NiFe2O4 showed a sharp and medium band at frequency (1420 cm) because of the ʲ (Ni-O) bond’s stretching and another acute and long band at frequency (1567 cm) due to the stretching of the Ʋ (Fe-O) bond. ATR showed similar values to FTIR. XRD results showed that The produced nano-nickel ferrite has an average grain size of 30.70 nm. The average grain size in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) of NiFe2O4 was 94.795 nm, and in the AFM device the average grain size was 71.9 nm. The diagnosis was confirmed using the 2® VIT device, and the toxicity was studied. Spinel nanocomposite prepared on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cell line and MTT and MCF-7 assay using ELISA device in Iranian laboratories. The results by using GraphPad Prism 8.0 software. The results showed that the effectiveness and toxicity of NiFe2O4 were as follows: The highest inhibition rate was 61.72% after 24 hours and 80.6% after 48 hours at a concentration of 400 µg/ml, and the lowest inhibition rate was 8.35% after 24 hours and 14.72% after 48 hours at a concentration of 25 µg/ml.MCF-7 in 24 h 95.17% and in 48 h 97.87% and the lowest inhibition rate was in 24h 26.58% and in 48h 32.62% The inhibition of the NiFe2O4 nano spinel composite was also measured using five serial concentrations (500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000) µg/ml.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115627_27cc8998c9bbbc3cb18f378d9bed694d.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Anti-Cancer Performance of Chitosan/Fe3O4 Nanohybrid for Magnetic Drug Delivery System4664467811562810.22052/JNS.2026.04.016ENAliSalahDepartment of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Diyala, IraqZaid H.MahmoudDepartment of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Diyala, IraqJournal Article20260412This study aimed to prepare and evaluate chitosan hybrid nanoparticles with a magnetic inorganic component (Fe₃O₄) in different contents (C1-C4), as well as drug-loaded samples (D-C1 and D-C2). The goal was to assess the effect of component ratios on biocompatibility, active compound release, environmental response (pH and magnetic field), and thermal, structural, and magnetic properties. To achieve this, a range of instruments was used, including day 1 and day 5 photo-absorption measurements at concentrations of 50–200 µg/mL to assess cellular response, and cumulative drug-release studies over short time intervals (0–60 minutes). The analysis was prolonged (up to 350 hours) at pH 5.6 and 7.4, with or without a magnetic field (50 mT). Material characterization was performed using EDS, XRD, TGA/DTG, swelling measurements, magnetic (M–H) behavior, and thermal heating. The results showed that biocompatibility was best at lower concentrations (50 and 100 µg/mL), while absorption values gradually decreased at 150 and 200 µg/mL over time. Release was continuous and pH-dependent, with the highest rates in acidic environments, and the magnetic field accelerated release. This was consistent with EDS and XRD characterizations, which confirmed the incorporation of Fe3O4 into the chitosan matrix and an increased contribution of the inorganic phase with increasing Fe3O4 content. TGA/DTG analysis showed improved thermal stability as inorganic component content increased.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115628_0ec855f717bb29286e1a9a411adf8b64.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Influence of Polymer-to-Graphene Oxide Ratio on Drug Loading and Entrapment Efficiency of Methylprednisolone in PEGylated Graphene Oxide Nanostructures4679468411562910.22052/JNS.2026.04.017ENSuhad H.AlzubaidyCollege of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Hillah, IraqShafqAl-AzzawiDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Hillah, IraqJournal Article20260508Nano-carrier based drug delivery systems have attracted considerable attention for improving the pharmaceutical performance of therapeutic agents among these systems PEGylated-graphene oxide (Graphene oxide GO functionalized with polyethylene glycol PEG) nanocarrier. PEGylated graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as a promising nanocarrier for drug delivery owing to its high surface area, favorable physicochemical properties and enhanced stability. The loading performance of such system is strongly influenced by carrier composition; therefore, this study focuses on the development of a functionalized GO-based nanocarrier for methylprednisolone (MP) delivery and investigates how functionalization influences drug loading capacity (DLC%) and entrapment efficiency (EE%). GO was functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and (MP) was then loaded by adsorption. Different PEG: GO (3:1, 1:1, 1:3) mass ratios and different MP % were used. The results showed a clear dependence of drug encapsulation on the PEG content within the nanocarrier system, where the nanoformulation with (PEG: GO, 3:1) exhibited the highest entrapment efficiency indicating improved incorporation of MP into the carrier, in contrast formulation that contains lower PEG ratios demonstrated reduced entrapment efficiency. This improved performance of PEG rich formulation may be associated with the beneficial effect of PEGylation on the dispersion, stability and the presence of additional functional group capable of interacting with MP. Same result was obtained with increasing MP% in the nanostructure, where higher drug availability enhanced the probability of interaction between MP molecules and the PEGylated GO surface. Additionally, PEG: GO ratio of 3: 1 achieved the highest drug loading capacity DLC%, this increased loading capacity of PEG rich formulation might be attributed to improve solubilization and stabilization of MP within PEG layer, while GO provide high surface area for drug adsorption. These synergistic effects of GO and PEG promote greater drug accumulation within the nanocomposite. Overall, these findings demonstrate that carrier composition significantly affected the loading performance of the PEGylated-GO nanocarrier and increasing PEG content enhance both entrapment efficiency and drug loading capacity highlighting the important role of PEG functionalization in optimizing MP-loaded GO nanocarrier for drug delivery applications.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115629_0936242bd26ce78b96e33f55c41c31d6.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Combined Impact of GGBS and Nanoparticle Surfaces on the Behavior of Calcined Kaolin Clay-based Self-Compacting Geo-Polymer Concrete4685469711563010.22052/JNS.2026.04.018ENZaid HasanJaberCivil Engineering Department, Engineering College, University of Babylon, IraqHaider M.OwaidCivil Engineering Department, Engineering College, University of Babylon, IraqJournal Article20260528Self-Compacting Geopolymer Concrete (SCGPC) combines the advantages of Self-Compacting Concrete and Geopolymer Concrete, offering enhanced sustainability and performance. This study investigated the effects of partially replacing calcined kaolin clay (CKC) with Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and incorporating nano-alumina (NA) or nano-clay (NC) on the fresh and mechanical properties of SCGPC. Six binary mixtures were prepared using a binder content of 493 kg/m³ and an alkaline liquid-to-binder ratio of 0.50, with CKC replaced by 40%, 50%, and 60% GGBS, while the control mix contained 100% CKC. Based on fresh and hardened properties, the optimum binary mixture was selected and modified by adding 2% NA or 2% NC to produce ternary mixes. Workability was evaluated using slump flow, V-funnel, and L-box tests. Results showed that GGBS significantly improved workability, whereas the addition of nanoparticles slightly reduced it; however, all mixtures satisfied EFNARC requirements. Mechanical properties, including compressive and splitting tensile strengths, were determined at 7 and 28 days. The 50% GGBS mixture exhibited the best performance among binary mixes. Nano-modified mixtures further enhanced strength, with 2% NA increasing compressive and tensile strengths by 39.9% and 31.6%, respectively, at 28 days compared with the control mix.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115630_9ed791e5a9432c244739ad0bdb837acf.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Development of PMMA/TiO₂ Nanocomposites and Study Morphology, Optical, Thermal (DSC) and Biological Properties4698470911563110.22052/JNS.2026.04.019ENSuhadAloon AbdullhMinistry of Education, Diyala Education Directorate, Diyala, Baqubah, 32001, IraqRana S.MahmoodMinistry of Education, Diyala Education Directorate, Diyala, Baqubah, 32001, IraqJournal Article20260514This work examines the production of PMMA/TiO₂ nanocomposites and investigates their morphological, optical, thermal, and biological properties. The nanocomposites were synthesized by incorporating 5 wt% of TiO₂ nanoparticles into a PMMA matrix via a casting technique. Morphological examination demonstrated the distribution and interaction of TiO₂ nanoparticles inside the polymer matrix, signifying enhanced structural homogeneity at these concentrations. The optical properties were examined by UV-Vis spectroscopy, revealing notable alterations in absorption characteristics and a reduction in the optical band gap with the incorporation of TiO₂ nanoparticles. The thermal behavior was assessed via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), revealing enhanced thermal stability and a modification in the glass transition temperature (Tg) to (104.7 oC) attributable to the nanoparticles’ presence. Moreover, biological assays demonstrated that the nanocomposites possess superior antibacterial efficacy relative to pure PMMA, owing to the inherent characteristics of the TiO₂ nanoparticles. The findings indicate that the PMMA/TiO₂ nanocomposites exhibit improved multifunctional characteristics. This renders it a promising contender for applications in biology, optics, and innovative materials.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115631_6b7e9bea2db4a2de47b09e61b966312a.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Preparation and Characterization of SiO₂/Polyazomethine/Poly(o-Anisidine) Nanocomposite for the Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Solutions4710471611563210.22052/JNS.2026.04.020ENAlaa SiawnnALmyreDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Thi-Qar, IraqSamia MezhrMerdasDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Thi-Qar, IraqJournal Article20260503In this work, a novel ternary nanocomposite based on nano-silica, polyazomethine, and poly(o-anisidine) denoted SiO₂/PAM/P-o-Ans was synthesized via combined condensation and oxidative polymerization and evaluated as an adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) from aqueous media. Nano-SiO₂ was extracted from rice husks by alkaline dissolution–acid precipitation. Characterization was performed using FT-IR, XRD, TEM, FESEM, AFM, and TGA. FT-IR confirmed azomethine (C=N) linkages and poly(o-anisidine) incorporation. XRD indicated a predominantly amorphous structure. TEM and FESEM revealed spherical nanoparticles (10–100 nm). AFM gave an average particle diameter of 81.20 nm with Sa = 54.08 nm. TGA showed multi-stage decomposition with 26.2% residual mass. GPC yielded Mw = 38,700 g/mol and dispersity of 1.82. Batch adsorption achieved maximum MB removal of 92.20% at pH 9, with equilibrium at 90 min. Adsorption data fitted the Langmuir model. Thermodynamic analysis revealed negative ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° values, confirming spontaneous, exothermic adsorption of MB onto the nanocomposite.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115632_1a7872c8dce27d90300b377e606d9f0a.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Green Selenium Nanocomposite Loaded with Ampicillin: Synthesis, Characterization, and Synergistic Antibacterial Activity Against Isolates from Prostate Cancer Patients4717472711563310.22052/JNS.2026.04.021ENMalik Ahmed A.Al-YassariDepartment of Biology, College of Science, University of Kerbala, IraqKaisar Abdul SajjadHusseinDepartment of Biology, College of Science, University of Kerbala, IraqJournal Article20260502This study aimed to prepare green selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using ashwagandha root extract, then load them with the antibiotic ampicillin (Amp-SeNPs) to improve its pharmaceutical properties and evaluate its synergistic inhibitory activity against resistant bacterial strains isolated from prostate cancer patients with urinary tract infections. Characterization techniques (FTIR, AFM, SEM) confirmed the success of the green synthesis, showing spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 106 nm before loading, which increased to 118 nm after loading, along with significant increases in surface roughness and root mean square height, confirming antibiotic conjugation. The study included three bacterial isolates: E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa. The inhibitory activity evaluation showed that the loaded nanocomposite (Amp-SeNPs) exhibited significant differences (P≤0.05) compared to the antibiotic or nanoparticles alone. The inhibition zone diameter against E. coli was 24.63±1.36 mm, compared to 1.25±0.366 mm for ampicillin alone and 11.88±1.74 mm for SeNPs alone. At the higher concentration, inhibition reached 27.50–27.75 mm for all three species, along with a marked reduction in MIC values.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115633_61e3c79d8c0e16efb6d608a81bd20229.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Study the Effect of Zinc oxide Nanoparticles on the Liver Tissue Morphometric Analysis of Newborn Mice After Inoculation During Pregnancy4728474311563410.22052/JNS.2026.04.022ENRussul KareemNasirDepartment of Physiology and Medical Physics, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, IraqMazin KamilHamidDepartment of Physiology and Medical Physics, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, IraqHaider AbdulrasoolJaafarDepartment of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, IraqJournal Article20260517Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their unique properties and broad biomedical applications. Their hepatic safety profile during prenatal development remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to synthesize ZnO NPs by chemical precipitation and evaluate their dose-dependent effects on the liver of newborn mice following maternal intraperitoneal exposure. ZnO NPs were synthesized by chemical precipitation and characterized by FESEM, XRD, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and zeta potential analysis. Forty adult Swiss albino female mice (20–25 g) were allocated into five equal groups. Group A (control) received intraperitoneal distilled water daily for 18 days. Groups B–E received ZnO NPs at 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg daily for 18 days. Neonatal liver specimens were fixed in formalin, paraffin-embedded, sectioned at 5 µm, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological evaluation. ZnO NPs showed a mean particle size of 20–25 nm with crystalline hexagonal wurtzite structure confirmed by XRD. Histological examination revealed progressive, dose-dependent hepatocellular injury characterized by hepatic plate thinning, vacuolation, pyknotic nuclei, ghost cells, and extensive necrosis, most pronounced at higher doses. Congested vessels with inflammatory infiltration and red blood cell invasion into the parenchyma were prominent in high-dose groups. Morphometric analysis revealed significant reduction in hepatic plate thickness across groups (p = 0.0001). Maternal ZnO NP exposure induces significant, dose-dependent hepatotoxicity in neonatal mouse liver, evidenced by progressive histological deterioration and morphometric shrinkage of hepatic plates, underscoring the need for rigorous prenatal safety evaluation of these nanomaterials.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115634_b9916f1169a250a3c9400523d22b5597.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Comparative Antifungal Mechanisms of Alcoholic and Nano-Ganoderma lucidum Extracts Against Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus Flavus4744475111563510.22052/JNS.2026.04.023ENMuna J. N.Al-TamimiDepartment of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Karbala, IraqBan M. H.Al-ZobaidyDepartment of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Karbala, IraqJournal Article20260411The present study investigated the antifungal mechanisms of alcoholic and nano-formulated extracts of Ganoderma lucidum against aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus. The effects of both extracts on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cell membrane permeability, extracellular enzyme activities, and fungal ultrastructure were evaluated. ROS analysis revealed a marked increase in oxidative stress in treated fungal cells, with the nano-formulated extract producing the highest ROS accumulation compared with the alcoholic extract and untreated control. Increased membrane permeability was also observed, indicating severe disruption of cellular integrity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated pronounced morphological alterations, including hyphal deformation, shrinkage, and surface damage, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed extensive ultrastructural changes such as membrane disruption, cytoplasmic disorganization, and degradation of intracellular organelles. In addition, both extracts reduced the activities of extracellular enzymes, including protease, lipase, and amylase, with the nano-formulated extract exhibiting greater inhibitory effects. The findings suggest that the antifungal activity of G. lucidum extracts is mediated through multiple mechanisms involving oxidative stress induction, membrane damage, enzymatic inhibition, and structural deterioration of fungal cells. The nano-formulated extract showed superior antifungal efficacy compared with the alcoholic extract, highlighting its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative for controlling aflatoxigenic fungi and reducing mycotoxin contamination in food systems.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115635_70b82b161b44a1f7195b385d55b35782.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Effect of Silica Nanoparticles on Physiological, Antioxidant, and Ionic Responses of Plantago Ovata under Combined Drought and Salinity Stress4752476311563610.22052/JNS.2026.04.024ENAyad JirjeesDhulkeflDepartment of Occupational Safety and Occupational Medicine Techniques, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Northern Technical University, Kirkuk, IraqNuha H.KhedhirDepartment of Pharmacy, Medical Technical Institute of Kirkuk, Northern Technical University, Kirkuk, IraqShanay A.MohammedDepartment of Pharmacy, Medical Technical Institute of Kirkuk, Northern Technical University, Kirkuk, IraqYokcil I.SowaidDepartment of Pharmacy, Medical Technical Institute of Kirkuk, Northern Technical University, Kirkuk, IraqSuad S.ShahathaCenter of Desert Studies, University of Anbar, Anbar, IraqJournal Article20260429Combined drought and salinity stress can severely impede plant growth by altering water relations, ion balance, and oxidative metabolism. This study evaluated the effect of Plantago ovata on coupled drought and salinity stress, as well as assessed whether silica nanoparticles may minimise the negative impacts of these conditions, this surface of silica characterized by using XRD technique. Plants put under combined stress revealed a marked drop in relative water content, growth, and chlorophyll concentration, while hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde increased, indicating more oxidative damage. Foliar application of silica nanoparticles helped the stressed plants retain greater growth, higher hydration status, and enhanced chlorophyll content. The treatment also decreased oxidative damage and supported the function of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, silica nanoparticles inhibited sodium buildup and encouraged potassium retention, resulting in an improved K⁺/Na⁺ ratio. Overall, the data imply that silica nanoparticles can improve the resistance of P. ovata to combined severe drought and salt stress by enhancing water status, lowering oxidative injury, and promoting ionic equilibrium.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115636_9048d9636df082da7df87373ee18e69d.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Study of the Optical and Structural Properties of ZnTe/Para nitro Aniline Polymer Micro/nano Composite and Calculation of the Solar Cell Efficiency4764477011563710.22052/JNS.2026.04.025ENElaf KadhumAbd AlnabiyCollege of Science for Women, Department of Physics of Laser, University of Babylon, Babylon, IraqMohammed J.JaderCollege of Science for Women, Department of Physics of Laser, University of Babylon, Babylon, IraqSadiqHassanCollege of Science for Women, Department of Physics of Laser, University of Babylon, Babylon, IraqJournal Article20260517The work presents a study of plasma parameters by producing a nanocomposite of semiconductor ZnTe and Nano conductive polymer Para nitro aniline by using Nd-YAG laser ablation with wavelengths of 1064 nm and 532 nm and pulse numbers of 620, 320, 4Hz frequency in distilled water. The structural and optical properties of the prepared nanocomposite were analyzed using XRD, Fe-SEM, LIBS and UV-Vis spectroscopy tools. Where pulsed laser ablation in liquids was used experimentally to create ZnTe nanoparticles after compressing them into a disc shape by a heat pres. The emission spectra of the nanoparticles were examined using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) methodology. Calculations were made for plasma properties such as electrontemperature, plasma density and frequency. In addition, UV-Vis, XRD, FE-SEM and UV-Visible properties are used to measure the optical properties. XRD analysis indicated the presence of several peaks belonging to ZnTe nanoparticles. XRD analysis also showed a relationship between the intensity of these peaks and the number of laser pulses. While FE-SEM results revealed spherical shapes with medium sizes. The nanocomposite was used in solar cell application and the results showed that it enhanced the performance of the solar cell and increased its absorption, which led to an increase in its efficiency. Therefore, we conclude that the nanocomposite can be used to increase the efficiency of solar cells.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115637_ddce28b8dce8ffb09d7f9070e406e3a3.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Evaluating the Role of a Biosynthesized Nanocomposite Using the Ganoderma Lucidum in Inhibiting the Gene Expression of the Leishmania Donovani Arginase Gene In Vitro4771478011563810.22052/JNS.2026.04.026ENHala TalibAl-TaeiDepartment of Biology, College of Education for pure Sciences, University of Kerbala, Karbala, IraqYarub ModharAl-QazwiniDepartment of Biology, College of Education for pure Sciences, University of Kerbala, Karbala, IraqKiaser AbdalsajjadHussainDepartment of Biology, College of Education for pure Sciences, University of Kerbala, Karbala, IraqJournal Article20260417Human visceral leishmaniasis is a severe parasitic disease caused by Leishmania donovani and is associated with high mortality worldwide. This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a green chemistry approach based on Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) extract and evaluate their potential as a drug delivery system for Pentostam (Sb) against L. donovani. Silver nitrate solution (10 mM) was mixed with aqueous mushroom extract under controlled conditions (30–80 °C) to produce AgNPs, followed by loading with Pentostam (30 mg/mL). Successful synthesis and drug loading were confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Promastigotes of L. donovani cultured in RPMI-1640 medium were treated with AgNPs loaded with Pentostam at different concentrations. The antileishmanial activity was assessed by one-step real-time PCR targeting the arginase (Arg) virulence gene. The AgNPs–Pentostam formulation (1 mL) exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect, reducing Arg gene expression to 0.24-fold (76% inhibition) relative to the untreated control. Free nanocomposite treatment resulted in a 0.36-fold change, whereas AgNPs–Pentostam (0.5 mL) produced a 0.49-fold change. These findings demonstrate that G. lucidum-mediated AgNPs loaded with Pentostam effectively suppress arginase gene expression in L. donovani and represent a promising nanotherapeutic strategy for visceral leishmaniasis.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115638_161bf33f5473d7ffcf417e0250498895.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Synthesis of a ZnO/Nanobiochar Nanocomposite Derived from Wheat Husk and its Application for the Adsorptive Removal of Sulfur Compounds from Iraqi Crude Oil4781479111563910.22052/JNS.2026.04.027ENIman SatarAbdullahDepartment of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Diyala, IraqAbdulqadier HussienAl KhazrajiDepartment of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Diyala, IraqJournal Article20260521The presence of organosulfur compounds in crude oil remains one of the most persistent problems facing the petroleum industry, since these species contribute to environmental pollution and complicate downstream refining. In the present study, a low-cost ZnO/nanobiochar (ZnO/NBC) composite was synthesized from wheat husk, with the aim of producing an effective adsorbent for the desulfurization of Iraqi crude oil. Wheat-husk biochar was first prepared by pyrolysis at 700 °C for 5 h, and then converted into nanobiochar through treatment with concentrated nitric acid (68 %). Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple precipitation–calcination route, and loaded onto the nanobiochar via an ultrasonic-assisted procedure in ethanol. The as-prepared materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with particle-size analysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The XRD pattern of the composite confirmed the coexistence of a hexagonal wurtzite ZnO phase together with the carbon backbone of the biochar, while FESEM and TEM showed a fairly uniform dispersion of ZnO nanoparticles on the carbon matrix with a mean particle size of about 49 nm. Batch desulfurization experiments were carried out on a model oil prepared from Iraqi crude oil and n-hexane (3:1 v/v) with an initial sulfur content of 4.7 wt %. The composite achieved a sulfur-removal efficiency of 76.38 % at 333 K, 70 min, and 0.5 g of adsorbent. The kinetic data were best described by a pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.999), while the thermodynamic analysis indicated that the process was endothermic (ΔH° = +36.8 kJ mol⁻¹) and became spontaneous at elevated temperatures.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115639_180064c2cb3a0864931860aed51146b1.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Effect of Chlorophyll and TiO₂ Nanoparticles on the Mechanical Properties of Silicone Rubber4792480211564010.22052/JNS.2026.04.028ENFadhil KetabDahashDoctoral School for Science and Technology, Lebanese University, LebanonJamalChararaDoctoral School for Science and Technology, Lebanese University, LebanonMohammed H.Al MaamoriDepartment of Prosthetics and Orthotics, College of Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University,
Babylon IraqAbbas J.Abdul-Kadhim Al-RikabiDepartment of Physics, College of Education, Al-Qadisiyah University, AL-Qadisiya, IraqJournal Article20260429After extracting chlorophyll from celery plant and leaves and antioxidant, we took 100 grams of SIR rubber and added chlorophyll at different ratios (10, 20, 30, and 40) pphr. The effect of this addition on the mechanical properties of the prepared composite rubber was then investigated. The results showed a decrease in tensile modulus, elastic modulus, and stiffness, along with an increase in elongation. The optimal ratio was 20 pphr. FTIR spectroscopy results for the rubber and chlorophyll indicated that the material was composite, and no new peaks appeared on the silicone rubber. The silicone rubber (SIR + Cll) was then reinforced with fine-particle titanium dioxide (TiO2) powder at different ratios (10, 20, 30, 40) pphr. The effect of titanium dioxide on the mechanical properties was also investigated at these different ratios. The tensile modulus, elastic modulus, and stiffness increased, while the elongation decreased. The X-ray penetration resistance of the silicone rubber sample with titanium dioxide was measured at a concentration of 20 pphr, resulting in the titanium dioxide imparting a white color to the silicone rubber.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115640_292dab5b0ef318f9e1019a6b7df9098e.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Quality by Design-Oriented Development and Optimization of Olopatadine HCl-Loaded Chitosan/Bovine Serum Albumin Nanogels for Ocular Delivery4803483111564110.22052/JNS.2026.04.029ENFatima RaedAl-AhmedDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Basrah, Basrah, IraqMohammedSabar Al-LamiDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Basrah, Basrah, IraqCollege of Pharmacy, Al-Maaqal University, Basrah, IraqJournal Article20260409Ophthalmic conventional formulations suffer from a short precorneal residence time, which leads to low ocular bioavailability and frequent administration. This study aimed to develop and optimize olopatadine HCl-loaded bovine serum albumin/chitosan (BSA/CHS) nanogels as a sustained release ophthalmic delivery system using a Quality by Design (QbD) approach. Risk assessment and Design of Experimental were used to systematically identify critical formulation and process variables that impact nanogel characteristics. Nanogels were fabricated via pH-induced CHS/BSA self-assembly followed by thermal treatment to consolidate the matrix, then optimized to obtain the desired physicochemical properties. The optimized formulation was characterized using FTIR, PXRD, and SEM, while pH- and ionic responsiveness, in vitro release, and stability studies were also performed. The optimized nanogel formulation exhibited a particle size of 47.13 ± 1.6 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.268 ± 0.002, a zeta potential of +38.21 ± 2.82 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 25.07 ± 1.22%. The morphological analysis confirmed the formation of nanosized spherical particles. FTIR analysis confirmed the compatibility of the various formulation components, and PXRD findings were consistent with successful nanogel formation. The optimized nanogels displayed a sustained, pH-responsive drug-release profile and acceptable physical stability during storage. Results indicate that incorporating QbD principles offers a reliable and reproducible approach for developing nanogels as a potential platform for sustained ophthalmic drug delivery applications.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115641_8826739ad0950e36ebf8fdd4a46d0720.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Extension of the Transfer Matrix Method for Photonic Band Gap Engineering in Optimized TiO₂ Nanomaterial Bragg Reflectors4832484011564210.22052/JNS.2026.04.030ENHanan R.KatifMinistry of Education-Iraq, Directorate General for the Education of RusafaII, IraqYazan A.MahmoodMinistry of Education-Iraq, Directorate General for the Education of RusafaII, IraqNoor M.SaadoonNanotechnology and Advanced Materials Research Center, University of Technology, Baghdad, IraqMaged YehiaHamamaDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Al-Esraa University, Baghdad, IraqJournal Article20260519XRD confirmed that the TiO₂ nanoparticles were optimized; a multi-layer dielectric mirror was designed using ZEMAX optical simulation software. A high-reflectivity Bragg reflector is presented in the near-infrared spectral range of 1.0-2.0 μm at an incident angle of 89⸰. The extended Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) analysis of photonic band gap characteristics and optical performance of the proposed structure indicates that the thicknesses of the layers are optimally different from those in the conventional quarter-wave design. The optimized Bragg reflector has reflectivity over a wide wavelength range from 1.3 to 2.0 μm. It is proposed that TiO₂/SiO₂ nanostructured Bragg reflectors may find applications in advanced Nano-photonic devices, optical filters, and near-infrared sensing.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115642_9f5ecc2074e8772193d06d43d8b8045e.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Structure and Optical properties of TiO2@CuO Core-Shell Nanoparticles Thin Film Synthesised via Pulsed Laser Ablation4841484611564410.22052/JNS.2026.04.031ENAws K.MohammedDepartment of Medical Physics, College of Sciences, Al-Karkh University of Science, Baghdad, IraqRusul M.AbdallahDepartment of Medical Physics, College of Sciences, Al-Karkh University of Science, Baghdad, IraqKejeen M.IbrahimDepartment of Physics, College of Education for Pure Science Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, IraqAli KatabAttiaDepartment of Physics, College of Education for Pure Science Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, IraqJournal Article20260405The synthesis of core-shell nanomaterials has demonstrated substantial importance for both fundamental research and practical applications, encompassing cell imaging, surface enhanced Raman scattering, chemical sensing, light emission diode, catalysis, and solar cell. This study demonstrates the synthesis of TiO2 as core and CuO as shell nanoparticles, they were synthesized using the laser ablation in two steps to control their size and the possibility of changing their characteristics, then deposited on glass substrate to get on TiO2@CuO core-shell nanoparticles thin film. TiO2@CuO core-shell nanoparticles thin film had an absorption spectrum at 372 nm and TiO2 at 345 nm with band gap energy was estimated to be 3.3 eV for TiO2 and 2.5 eV for TiO2@CuO core-shell thin films. FESEM results confirm the particles had spherical shapes with average particle size of 15 nm for TiO2 thin film and 25.5nm for TiO2@CuO core-shell nanoparticles thin film. TEM image proves that coating the TiO2 surface with CuO was successful. The zeta potential was used to confirm the stability of synthesized TiO₂ NPs and TiO₂@CuO core-shell nanoparticles that will be used in biomedical applications.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115644_24b41a0b7d357f43a22824ec83276d71.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Evaluation of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Nano-Extracts as Antibacterial Agents Against Uropathogenic Bacterial isolates4847486411566910.22052/JNS.2026.04.032ENHussein KhaderAliDepartment of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science, Al-Muthanna University, Al-Muthanna, Al-Samawa, 66001, IraqDhayA. AzeezDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Al-Muthanna University, Al-Muthanna 66001, IraqIsraaA. HamdanDepartment of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science, Al-Muthanna University, Al-Muthanna, Al-Samawa, 66001, IraqJournal Article20260502Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are considered the second most common type of infection in humans, and a variety of pathogens can cause them, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UTIs are the major health bother that affects millions of people yearly in both a community and hospital setting worldwide. The majority of (Utls) are caused by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli, although other pathogenic bacteria, such as Klebsiella penumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis, can also cause UTIs. Azadirachta indica (neem) is a multipurpose tree with multiple health benefits. It is a well-studied therapeutic plant, known for its diverse phytochemicals and antimicrobial properties against numerous bacterial pathogens Nanoparticles by means of plant extracts have emerged as an eco-friendly and lucrative approach that leverages phytochemical plummeting agents to produce biocompatible nanostructures with improved antimicrobial activity These biologically synthesized nanoparticles have been recognized as potent antibacterial agents against a variety of pathogens, including uropathogens, through mechanisms such as membrane disruption and inhibition of biofilm development. Objective: To isolate and identify bacteria responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs)and evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolated bacteria, and to assess the potential effectiveness of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf Nano-Extracts against UTI pathogens. A study was conducted between October 1, 2025, and December 30, 2025. A total of 100 urine specimens from men and women aged 5 to 70 were carefully collected and examined. Bacterial isolates were diagnosed. This was confirmed using HiCrome UTI agar, and the isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic susceptibility using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method in accordance with CLSI standards. The prepared silver nanoparticles were characterized using two methods, one using an aqueous extract and the other using an alcoholic extract of the neem plant, by several spectroscopic techniques, Uv-Vis spectrum, FT-IR spectroscopy, Gas Chromatography GC-MS, TEM, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and finally with X-Ray (XR-D), which were applied on inoculated plates of Muller-Hinton agar. The disc diffusion method was used to screen the antibacterial activity of both Azadirachta indica extract and synthetic antibiotics. Results: The most frequently identified organisms were as follows: 35.9% Enterococcus faecalis, followed by 29.3% Staphylococcus aureus, 21.0% E. coli, and 6.6% Pseudomonas aeruginosa, all of which were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The successful synthesis of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by color changes and characterization analyses. UV–Visible spectroscopy showed a peak at 440-460 nm, indicating nanoparticle formation. SEM revealed spherical and uniform nanoparticles. EDAX confirmed the presence of silver. Azadirachta indica leaf Nano-Extracts showed significant antibacterial action against every bacterial species at all tested concentrations. Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf Nano-Extracts showed strong antibacterial activity against a range of bacterial pathogen strains.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115669_bc1b2bbbafd0c9730a54a6e61f6cf8fd.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Synthesis, Nano-structural Characterization, and In Vitro Cytotoxic Potential of Nickel(II) and Copper(II) Nano-complexes Derived from a Tetrakis- azo Biphenyltetraamine-based Nano-ligand Bearing Propyl Ester Functionalities4865487411564610.22052/JNS.2026.04.033ENRiyam MohammedJasimDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah 1753, IraqAli M.TaherDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah 1753, IraqJournal Article20260428In the present investigation, a new tetrakis-azo nano-ligand designated PHBTA was synthesized through the diazotization of [1,1’-biphenyl]-3,3’,4,4’-tetraamine followed by coupling with propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate under controlled alkaline conditions at 0–5 °C. Two transition metal nano-complexes, namely [Ni(PHBTA-2H)(H₂O)₂] and [Cu(PHBTA-2H)(H₂O)₂], were subsequently prepared and thoroughly characterized using elemental microanalysis (CHN), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Spectroscopic evidence confirmed that the ligand coordinates through the phenolic oxygen atoms (after deprotonation) and the azo nitrogen atoms, functioning as a dibasic tetradentate chelating agent. The magnetic susceptibility measurements and electronic spectral data were consistent with a regular octahedral geometry around the Ni(II) center (µeff = 2.97 B.M.) and a Jahn–Teller distorted octahedral arrangement for the Cu(II) ion (µeff = 1.71 B.M.). FESEM micrographs disclosed marked changes in surface morphology upon complexation, with nanocrystalline aggregates forming in both nano-complexes. The in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated via the MTT assay against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and normal human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cell lines. The Ni(II) complex displayed outstanding anticancer potency with an IC₅₀ of 7.153 µg/mL toward MCF-7, while the Cu(II) complex showed moderate activity (IC₅₀ = 232.4 µg/mL). These findings point to a promising role for Ni(II)-azo nano-chelates in cancer chemotherapy research.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115646_3bdd1e16918ef8c28051f361820ccf4c.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Dental Nanocomposite Filling After Medical X-ray Exposure4875488911564710.22052/JNS.2026.04.034ENAhmed NsaifJasimFaculty of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit, IraqNajat A.DahhamFaculty of Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit, IraqMustafa GheniTaherFaculty of Dentistry, Diyala University, Diyala, IraqJournal Article20260522This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of dental nanocomposite filling (Filtek™ Z350 XT) after medical radiographic techniques (OPG, CBCT.CT-Scan) exposure. 16 Samples of Filtek™ Z350 XT (3M ESPE, USA) dental filling material were prepared by placing the filling syringes in an electric heater (composite heater) and raising their temperature to (50°C). The material was then placed in various shaped Teflon molds according to (ISO 4049) specifications under specific conditions. These samples were cured (polymerized) using light curing with a specialized light source for (40 sec). After sample preparation, their dimensions were measured, and they were placed in small, transparent bags, immersed in artificial saliva, and exposed to X-rays emitted from various medical imaging techniques (OPG, CBCT, and CT-Scan). A FESEM scan was performed on the prepared samples to study their surface morphology and determine the nanodiameters of the particles. The antibacterial activity of the prepared samples was investigated against gram positive Streptococcus mutans using agar well diffusion assay. After culturing the organisms, the samples were placed directly on agar after spreading bacteria. The cultured plates containing the samples and the test organisms were incubated overnight at 37°C before measuring and recording the average the zones of inhibition diameter. The FESEM results confirmed that all prepared samples exposed to the medical imaging techniques exhibited positive results. The samples (OPG, CBCT, CT) and those not exposed to radiation, have a nanostructure and fine particles with an average nanoparticle size ranging from (36.478 - 51.08) nm. The best positive radiation effect was observed in the sample exposed to CT radiation, followed by the sample exposed to OPG radiation. All samples exposed to medical imaging techniques showed significant increase in antibacterial activity and inhibition zones compared to unexposed sample. The diameters of inhibition zone were respectively 18, 20, 24 mm. The sample exposed to CT radiation showed the best antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans, followed by the sample exposed to CBCT radiation and then OPG. Exposing nanocomposite filtek z350xt to medical imaging techniques radiation improved the antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutants without compromising mechanical performance.<br />Results: The FESEM results confirmed that all prepared samples exposed to the medical imaging techniques exhibited positive results. The samples (OPG, CBCT, CT) and those not exposed to radiation, have a nanostructure and fine particles with an average nanoparticle size ranging from (36.478 - 51.08) nm. The best positive radiation effect was observed in the sample exposed to CT radiation, followed by the sample exposed to OPG radiation. All samples exposed to medical imaginghttps://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115647_34c887d510e01119b392c88e3a463d92.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Zeolite-Incorporated Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrogel for Safranin O Adsorption: Equilibrium, Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Reusability4890490011565810.22052/JNS.2026.04.035ENWalaa MohammedNajemFaculty of Pharmacy, Jabir Ibn Hayyan University for Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Najaf Ashraf, IraqJournal Article20260517Study reports the synthesis and detailed nano-scale characterization of a new biopolymer composite, (CMC-AAC-co-HEAM)-g-zeolite, prepared by free-radical graft polymerization and tested as an adsorbent for safranin O (Saf) in water. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was used as the backbone; acrylic acid (AAc) and hydroxyethyl acrylamide (HEAM) were grafted onto it with potassium persulfate (KPS) as initiator and N, N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker, and natural zeolite was added to raise porosity and the density of active sites. Characterization relied on FTIR, XRD, FESEM, TEM, BET, TGA, and zeta potential measurements. The batch experiments looked at how contact time, adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, and ionic strength influenced Saf uptake. Of the isotherms tested, the Freundlich model described the equilibrium data best (R² = 0.987), which points to a heterogeneous, multilayer process, whereas the kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order rate law (R² ≈ 1.000). The Langmuir equation gave a maximum capacity of 271.19 mg g⁻¹. Thermodynamic analysis showed the uptake to be exothermic (ΔH < 0) and spontaneous (ΔG < 0). After four adsorption-desorption cycles, the composite still removed about 87% of the dye. Overall, these results suggest the zeolite-grafted hydrogel is a low-cost, reusable adsorbent well suited to stripping cationic dyes from wastewater.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115658_881a5ea4ff0a6fd9566f0b4048e8adb3.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Fabrication of NiO/Fe2O3/PSi/p-Si nanocomposite Heterojunction for Application in Solar Cells4901491211566010.22052/JNS.2026.04.036ENAyat M.JardDepartment of Physics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, IraqM. H.Al-BaghdadiDepartment of Physics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, IraqJournal Article20260504In this work, Fe2O3 and NiO nanoparticles were used to prepare heterojunction solar cell. On other hand, PSi was prepared by using electrochemical etching technology. The Fe2O3 and NiO thin film samples were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and PL emission. The Si wafer used in this work was p-type and had monocrystalline structure with direction (111) plane. it was a high peak emission near 640 nm was due to PSi nanocrystalline. The AFM test of porous silicon shows that the surface was like hills that were randomly, irregularly distributed, and had different heights, with RMS roughness (Sq): 2.37 nm, Mean roughness (Sa): 1.73 nm and Maximum height (Sz): 29.04. In other side, for Fe2O3 was agglomerated, semi-spherical nanoparticles and NiO NPs had spherical, porous, or nanosheet-like morphologies. The important binding group which informed Fe2O3 and NiO were specified by using FTIR spectrum. The energy band gap (direct and indirect) of Fe2O3-NPs was about 2.64 and 1.70 eV, respectively, and NiO-NPs was (3.62 eV). The efficiency of the produced solar cell was about 4.05%, and the filling factor 44.61%.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115660_9ad8bc611986d2c927d9d8b8cea3983d.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Nanostructures2251-787116420261001Sawdust-Derived Biochar and Ag₂O Nanoparticles for Adsorptive Desulfurization of Iraqi Crude Oil: Temperature-Resolved Kinetics, Diffusion Control and Thermodynamics4913492611566510.22052/JNS.2026.04.037ENWedad NasserAdayDepartment of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Diyala, Diyala, IraqAbdulqadier HussienAl-KhazrajiDepartment of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Diyala, Diyala, IraqJournal Article20260519Removing sulfur from crude oil by adsorption is still an attractive option, mainly because the process runs at atmospheric pressure and consumes no hydrogen. In the present work a biochar (BC) obtained from local sawdust, Ag₂O nanoparticles (Ag₂O NPs) and an Ag₂O/BC binary composite were prepared and evaluated against a model oil prepared from Basra crude diluted with n-hexane, with an initial sulfur content of 2.9 wt%. X-ray diffraction confirmed the crystallinity of the Ag₂O phase with a face-centred cubic lattice (a = 4.086 Å) and a mean Scherrer crystallite size of 30.5 nm. The char retained a broad amorphous carbon feature near 23° together with calcite and quartz reflections inherited from the feedstock ash. Nitrogen physisorption gave specific surface areas of 340, 407 and 441 m² g⁻¹ for Ag₂O NPs, BC and Ag₂O/BC respectively, with mean pore widths close to 2.3 nm in all three cases. Batch kinetics were measured at 293 K between 30 and 150 min, and the effect of temperature was studied separately at 298–353 K. Uptake was endothermic for every solid: at 293 K and 150 min, removal reached 85.9% for BC, 68.3% for the Ag₂O NPs and 52.1% for the composite, while raising the temperature to 353 K at 60 min contact time increased BC removal to 88.6%. Contrary to what the surface-area data alone would suggest, depositing Ag₂O on the char reduced performance under all conditions tested, which we attribute mainly to partial pore blocking. At 293 K the Elovich equation described the kinetics well (R² = 0.94–0.98) whereas the pseudo-second-order model did not, and Weber–Morris plots resolved two linear regions with non-zero intercepts. Adsorption was endothermic (ΔH = 21.7–49.3 kJ mol⁻¹) and the biochar was the only material for which ΔG° became negative, above 313 K.https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115665_3a1d364102e8c67562f54f72608b7426.pdf