University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Concentration-Dependent Modulation of Optical Properties in TiO₂ Nanoparticle-Treated HCT116 Colorectal Cancer Cells 3000 3012 115451 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.001 EN Tamara Ail Nasser Department of Basic Science, College of Dentistry, University of Babylon, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 05 The effectiveness of light-mediated therapies depends on cancer cells’ optical response. We quantified the concentration-dependent optical behaviour of HCT116 cells exposed to TiO₂ nanoparticles in this study. To evaluate nanoparticle-induced photon propagation dynamics, diffuse reflectance and transmittance measurements in the visible range were taken and absorption coefficients and refractive index values computed. TiO₂ nanoparticle treatment caused a systematic change in optical properties. The absorbance coefficient and refractive index of treated cell suspensions were lower than untreated controls. The optical density of the cellular medium was modulated by nanoparticle concentration, as both the absorption coefficient and refractive index rose with nanoparticle concentration in the treated groups. These findings imply that dose-dependent nanoparticle incorporation alters photon attenuation and transmission routes, potentially affecting cell energy deposition. The measured data was used to theoretically derive quantum-optical parameters like photon energy, extinction coefficient, complex dielectric function, and optical conductivity to better describe light–matter interaction in the nanoparticle-treated cellular medium. Since TiO₂ has photocatalytic and photoactive capabilities, its optical modulation may impact light-based therapies that rely on controlled photon absorption and energy distribution for efficiency. The present study did not assess direct therapeutic endpoints, but the concentration-dependent optical and photonic trends show how engineered nanomaterials can tune cellular light–matter interactions, providing a photonic foundation for future nanoparticle-assisted cancer therapy research. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115451_2520197cffd45edf84900a25ed6033b2.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Preparation and Characterization of Selenium Nanoparticles Decorated on SiO2 (SeNPs@SiO2): Evaluation of Their Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Activity 3013 3026 115452 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.002 EN Asokan Vasudevan Faculty of Business and Communications, INTI International University, 71800 Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia Umniyah Nafea Ahmed Nafea Ahmed Department of Pharmacy, Al-Turath University, Baghdad, Iraq Tarik Abbas Mohammed Al-Hadi University College, Baghdad, Iraq Mustafa Adnan Abdulrahman Adnan Abdulrahman Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Nisour University, Baghdad, Iraq Khutam Mohamed Al-Zahrawi University, Karbala, Iraq Sami Najaf Bokhoor College of Health and Medical Technologies, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq Suleiman Ibrahim Mohammad INTI International University, 71800 Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia Valiev Shukhrat Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Republic of Uzbekistan Idiyev Gayrat Department of Orthopedic Dentistry and Orthodontics, Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Badriddinov Baxrom Department of Orthopedic Dentistry and Orthodontics, Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Sheraliyev Ilyosjon Department of Pathological Anatomy, Tashkent State Medical University, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan Yuldasheva Kamolat Department of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases and Nursing, Fergana Medical Institute of Public Health, Fergana, Uzbekistan Mirfayazova Nilufar Department of Fashion Design, Tashkent Institute of Textile and Light Industry, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Kayumov Avazbek Department of Infectious Diseases, Andijan State Medical Institute, Andijan, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2026 02 15 We report the synthesis, comprehensive characterization, and biological evaluation of a novel SeNPs@SiO₂ nanocomposite, designed to combine the antimicrobial potency of selenium nanoparticles with the biocompatible, stabilizing influence of a silica scaffold. Se NPs were in situ decorated onto Stöber-derived amorphous SiO₂ microspheres via a two-step reduction-precipitation protocol using sodium selenite and ascorbic acid in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone. The resulting SeNPs@SiO₂ architecture features selenium nanospheres (25–45 nm) uniformly anchored on ≈400–500 nm SiO₂ cores, as revealed by FE-SEM. FT-IR and XRD analyses corroborate successful surface modification and the coexistence of amorphous SiO₂ with crystalline Se. The material’s cytotoxic and antibacterial profiles were evaluated in vitro using HEK-293 cells and clinically relevant bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli). In cytotoxicity assays, Se NPs alone exhibited pronounced, dose-dependent toxicity (IC₅₀ = 53.4 ± 2.1 μg mL⁻¹), whereas SeNPs@SiO₂ displayed a significantly broadened therapeutic window (IC₅₀ = 87.6 ± 3.4 μg mL⁻¹) due to the SiO₂ scaffold moderating Se⁰-associated cytotoxicity. Antibacterial testing showed Superseding activity for SeNPs@SiO₂ (MIC: S. aureus 62.5 μg mL⁻¹; E. coli 125 μg mL⁻¹; MBC values halved relative to bare Se NPs). The observed twofold potency enhancement is attributed to improved dispersion, multivalent interactions, and controlled selenium release, while cytotoxicity remains manageable. This study demonstrates a robust, scalable approach to design safe, efficacious nano-antibacterial agents with potential translational impact. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115452_948ec3910dbb803b1f9bb9bd400df2a0.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Activation of Flint Clay Surface and Study of its Adsorption Efficiency for Methyl Orange Dye 3027 3038 115453 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.003 EN Suha Sahab Abd Collage of Education for Pure Sciences (Ibn Al-haitham) ,University of Baghdad , Baghdad , Iraq Israa Mohammed Radhi Collage of Education for Pure Sciences (Ibn Al-haitham) ,University of Baghdad , Baghdad , Iraq Ahmed Mohammed Abbas Collage of Education for Pure Sciences (Ibn Al-haitham) ,University of Baghdad , Baghdad , Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 18 This article presents an improvement in the properties of environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and readily available surfaces for use in addressing a significant environmental problem: pollution from dyes generated by various industrial processes. The surface of Iraqi flint clay was acidically activated and used to adsorb methyl orange dye from its aqueous solutions. The clay surface was characterized before and after acid activation using several techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, X-ray disperse energy spectroscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The adsorption of methyl orange dye using flint clay before and after activation was performed in batch system under controlled operating conditions (weight of adsorbent surface, contact time, initial dye concentration, and temperature). The amount of adsorption of methyl orange dye was found to be higher at higher temperatures, with the qe value for the raw clay being 45 mg/g and for the activated clay qe value of 30 mg/g. The process data were analyzed kinetically and found to follow the pseudo-second order kinetic model, while the process data were analyzed isothermically and found to follow the Freundlich isotherm model. The thermodynamic functions of the adsorption process were assigned and found to be a non-spontaneous, endothermic, and random process on the raw clay, while it became more spontaneous, random, and endothermic, reflecting the success of the acid activation process in improving the efficiency of the Iraqi flint clay surface in removing the methyl orange dye from its aqueous solutions. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115453_1c0c8cf287a77fe5a174217f740cd02c.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Sustainable and Green Bio-Preparation of Selenium Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial and Photocatalytic Activity 3039 3052 115454 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.004 EN Asokan Vasudevan Faculty of Business and Communications, INTI International University, 71800 Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia Sanan Thaer Abdalwahab Department of Pharmacy, Al-Turath University, Baghdad, Iraq Zainab Malik Salem Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Nisour University, Baghdad, Iraq Suad Abdulnaser Al-Hadi University College, Baghdad, Iraq Mohannad Abdulrazzaq Gati College of Health and Medical Technologies, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq Jabar Juad Al-Zahrawi University, Karbala, Iraq Suleiman Ibrahim Mohammad INTI International University, 71800 Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia Oripov Firdavs Department of Histology, Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Saidov Akbar Department of Orthopedic Dentistry and Orthodontics, Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Khalilzade Eldar Department of Orthopedic Dentistry and Orthodontics, Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Babaev Khamza Department of Pathological Anatomy, Tashkent State Medical University, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan Murodiljon Boltaboyev Department of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, Nursing, Fergana Medical Institute of Public Health, Fergana, Uzbekistan Bahodirjon Davlatov Tashkent State Technical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Kaxarov Abdukaxor Department of Infectious Diseases, Andijan State Medical Institute, Andijan, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2026 03 10 This study reports a facile, entirely green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) using an aqueous extract of Artemisia annua leaves as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. The bioreduction of sodium selenite yielded quasi-spherical, crystalline nanoparticles with an average diameter of 38 ± 7 nm, as confirmed by TEM and XRD analysis. FT-IR and TGA investigations revealed the formation of a substantial phytochemical corona (15–20% by mass), comprising polyphenols and flavonoids from the extract, which is responsible for colloidal stability and surface functionality. The biosynthesized Se NPs exhibited potent, broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, demonstrating bactericidal action with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 25 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and 50 µg/mL against Escherichia coli. Furthermore, the Se NPs functioned as an efficient visible-light photocatalyst, degrading 94.7% of methylene blue within 120 minutes (rate constant *k* = 0.0221 min⁻¹) and maintaining 88.3% efficiency over three reuse cycles. The dual functionality is attributed to the synergistic interplay between the narrow-bandgap trigonal selenium core and the bioactive capping layer. This work establishes a sustainable protocol for fabricating multifunctional Se NPs with significant potential in antimicrobial applications and environmental remediation. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115454_c52fb56fed8ae68b022d173c371de800.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Synthesis and Characterization of Xanthan Gum-g-poly (PVP-co-AA-AAm) Nanohydrogel for Efficient Removal of Brilliant Green Dye from Aqueous Solutions: Kinetics, Isotherms, and Thermodynamic Studie 3053 3068 115455 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.005 EN Nagham H. Abood Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq Duaa Yass Middle Technical University, Technical Institute-Baqubah, Diyala, Iraq Layth Jasim Department of Chemistry, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 05 Synthetic dyes are toxic, cancer-causing, and mutagenic, which makes water pollution a big environmental problem. This study synthesised a novel xanthan gum-grafted-poly(polyvinylpyrrolidone-co-acrylic acid-acrylamide) [XG-g-poly(PVP-co-AA-AAm)] nanohydrogel for the removal of Brilliant Green (BG) cationic dye using free radical graft copolymerisation. The XRD study showed an amorphous structure with semi-crystalline peaks at 19.18°, 20.68°, and 23.38°. These peaks were linked to xanthan gum, PVP, and polyacrylamide. FTIR confirmed that the grafting worked and found the functional groups (–OH, –CONH₂, –COO⁻) that were responsible for binding the dye. The post-adsorption bands at 1514, 1712, and 1165 cm⁻¹ show that BG was absorbed by electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding. Decomposition started at 234.3°C, and TGA/DTA was thermally stable at Tg = 79°C. FESEM indicated that the surfaces changed shape following adsorption, going from smooth (d = 75.4 nm) to spherical dye nanoparticle-covered surfaces (d=29.7–162.7 nm). The nanohydrogel could hold 37.33 mg/g and remove 93.34% of what it was supposed to in 90 minutes when the conditions were just right (C₀ = 200 mg/L, dose = 0.005 g, natural pH, T=30°C). The pseudo-second-order model (R²=1.000) in kinetics proved that chemisorption was real. Weber-Morris forecasted the influence of boundary layer diffusion (C = 36.34 mg/g). The best fit equilibrium data using the Freundlich isotherm indicated heterogeneous multilayer adsorption. Thermodynamic studies showed that adsorption was spontaneous (ΔG° < 0), endothermic (ΔH° > 0), and unexpected (ΔS° > 0). When we used NaCl, KCl, and CaCO₃ to test ionic strength, they all worked well even though there were other electrolytes. These studies indicate that nanohydrogel is an environmentally favourable adsorbent for cationic dye-contaminated wastewater. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115455_0c154055827e92f776df78cf5e465e83.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Synthesis, Characterization, and Preliminary Cytotoxic Evaluation of a Novel Schiff Base Ligand Derived from Thiazol-2-amine and its Nano Gold(III) Complex 3069 3093 115469 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.006 EN Heba Mohsen Hatata Ministry of Education, General Directorate of Al-Qadisiyah Education, Diwaniyah, Iraq Hayder Obaid Jamel Department of Chemistry, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah, Iraq Journal Article 2026 02 12 A novel Schiff base ligand (2E,3E)-3-((6-(((1E,2E)-1,2-diphenyl-2-(thiazol-2-ylimino) ethylidene) amino)pyridin-2-yl)imino)butan-2-one oxime derived from thiazol-2-amine was synthesized through a three-step procedure involving sequential condensation reactions of 2,6-diaminopyridine with diacetyl monoxime (compound A), followed by reaction with benzil (compound B), and finally with thiazol-2-amine to yield the target ligand (SBTOx-OH). A nano complex of the above ligand was prepared by reacting it with gold(III) chloride dissolved in ethanol. The ligand (SBTOx-OH) and its gold(III) complex were characterized using spectroscopic techniques including FTIR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, atomic absorption, in addition to melting point determination, molar conductivity, elemental microanalysis (C.H.N), and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The complex was prepared in a 1:1 (M:L) ratio. The combined results of these measurements support that the geometry of the gold(III) complex is square planar. The cytotoxic activity of the ligand and its gold complex was evaluated against breast cancer cells (MCF-7), with a selectivity index (SI) of approximately 1.16 relative to normal human dermal fibroblast cells (HdFn). Although the gold complex exhibited a marginally lower IC₅₀ against MCF-7 (111.2 μg/mL) compared to the free ligand (122.86 μg/mL), the free ligand displayed a more favorable selectivity index (SI = 3.35 vs. 1.16). The modest SI of the gold complex indicates limited preferential toxicity toward cancer cells, and further structural optimization is required to improve the therapeutic window. It should be noted that no positive control drug was included in the cytotoxicity assay, which represents a limitation of the current study. Molecular docking against the EGFR tyrosine kinase (PDB: 3DKF) indicated moderate binding affinities for the synthesized compounds, though the correlation between docking scores and experimental cytotoxicity was not straightforward. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115469_5cd0210c03fab146025aef63c199cbc8.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Synthesis, Characterization, Biological Activity, Cytotoxicity (MTT Assay), and Antioxidant Evaluation of a Novel Ligand (BHDPE) and Its Ni(II) Complex 3094 3111 115470 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.007 EN Yareeb Jwad Sahar Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Abbas Fadhil Yasir Department of Chemistry, General Directorate of Education Al-Muthanna, Al-Muthanna, Iraq 0000-0001-9715-7853 Journal Article 2026 03 09 A novel ligand, (E)-2-(2-(benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)hydrazono)-1,2-diphenylethan-1-ol (BHDPE), was synthesized via a two-step procedure. In the first step, the intermediate compound (A), 2-hydrazinylbenzo[d]oxazole, was prepared by reacting 2-mercaptobenzoxazole with hydrazine hydrate in an ethanolic medium. In the second step, the BHDPE ligand was obtained by condensation of intermediate (A) with benzoin. The Ni(II) complex was synthesized in a 1:2 metal-to-ligand molar ratio. The Ni(II) complex was determined to possess an octahedral geometry. The structural elucidation of the ligand and its complex was accomplished using FT-IR, ¹H-³C NMR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, in conjunction with molar conductivity measurements, elemental analysis (CHN), atomic absorption spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility studies. The synthesized compounds exhibited significant antibacterial activity against selected bacterial strains and notable antioxidant capacity against free radicals. The BHDPE ligand and    Nickel (II) complex exhibited high toxicity against MCF-7 with high different values between IC50 against infection cells and healthy cells Furthermore, molecular docking studies revealed favorable binding affinity of the synthesized compounds toward the target protein (3FC2). The ligand exhibited a particularly strong binding affinity, indicative of a stable interaction with the active site of the target protein. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115470_00d29a961e2910a3a436629cfee6497a.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Kinetic Modelling and pH-Dependent Adsorption of Malachite Green onto Pectin/Poly(NIPAm-co-Acrylic Acid) Nano-hydrogel: Mechanistic Insights 3112 3125 115475 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.008 EN Sajid S. Abbas Ministry of Education General Directorate of Al-Qadisiyah Education, Diwaniyah, Iraq Layth Sameer Jasim Department of Chemistry, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah, Iraq Journal Article 2026 02 28 The present work investigates the adsorption kinetics and pH-responsive behaviour of malachite green (MG) dye onto a novel pectin/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) nano-hydrogel synthesized via free-radical copolymerization. The nano-hydrogel was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and BET surface area measurements. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of adsorbent dosage (0.006–0.06 g), contact time (1–150 min), and solution pH (2–10) on MG removal efficiency. The optimum adsorbent weight was found to be 0.008 g, yielding an adsorption capacity of 596.04 mg/g with 95.37% removal efficiency. Kinetic analysis revealed that the pseudo-second-order model provided the best fit (R² ≈ 1.000; RMSE = 0.89 mg/g) with a calculated equilibrium capacity of 605.13 mg/g, suggesting chemisorption as the rate-controlling mechanism. The Weber–Morris intraparticle diffusion model indicated a two-stage process involving rapid surface adsorption followed by gradual pore diffusion. The point of zero charge (pHPZC) was determined at pH 4.2, explaining the enhanced adsorption capacity observed at higher pH values where the surface acquires a net negative charge. MG adsorption increased from 515.21 mg/g at pH 2 to 608.96 mg/g at pH 10, confirming electrostatic attraction as a dominant mechanism. Regeneration studies demonstrated that the nano-hydrogel retained 87.8% of its initial adsorption capacity after five adsorption–desorption cycles using 0.1 M HCl/50% ethanol eluent. Furthermore, the adsorbent maintained >79% removal efficiency in simulated industrial wastewater containing competing ions and organic co-contaminants.  https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115475_70358e6bcd0cd694d63d107c4894750a.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Analytical and Environmental Assessment of a Novel GO/Poly(Acrylic Acid-co-Maleic Anhydride) Nanocomposite Hydrogel for the Adsorptive Removal of Fuchsin Basic Dye from Wastewater 3126 3135 115476 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.009 EN Ziyad Al-Khateeb Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniya, Iraq Ameer Jaber Department of Environment, College of Science – University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Abtisam Abbas Department of Environment, College of Science – University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 08 Water pollution caused by synthetic dyes continues to attract serious attention from environmental researchers, particularly because many of these compounds are toxic, non-biodegradable, and remain in aquatic systems for long periods of time. This study developed a nanocomposite hydrogel utilising graphene oxide and a copolymer of acrylic acid and maleic anhydride, designated as GO/P(AA-MA), through free radical polymerisation. Its efficacy as an adsorbent for Fuchsin Basic (FB), a cationic dye commonly used in the textile industry and biological staining, was assessed. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to study the synthesised material. These tests showed that GO was successfully added to the polymer matrix and that the material had a rough, porous shape that was good for dye uptake. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent mass, pH, ionic strength, and temperature on the adsorption behaviour. Kinetic data fitted the pseudo-second-order model very well (R² > 0.99), while equilibrium data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm, giving a maximum monolayer capacity of about 285 mg g⁻¹ at 298 K. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the process is spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy-driven. The adsorbent was further tested over five adsorption–desorption cycles with only a modest loss of efficiency, which suggests that GO/P(AA-MA) is a promising and reusable material for the treatment of dye-contaminated water. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115476_88baa93d8cd7ccc52e2dcb33346eda71.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Taguchi-optimized synthesis of a SiO₂-reinforced Sa-g-poly(AAM-co-CA) nanocomposite hydrogel for enhanced adsorption of Pb²+ ions: kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies 3136 3152 115477 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.010 EN Ali H. Jafat Ministry of Education, General Directorate of Education of Karbala, Karbala, Iraq Nadher D. Radia Department of Chemistry, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 14 Hydrogels were synthesized via free-radical polymerization using sodium-g-poly(acrylamide-crotonic acid) alginate, with reactant concentrations optimized using the Taguchi method. Furthermore, a nano-hydrogel was prepared by adding silica nanoparticles. The hydrogel and nanocomposite were characterized using FTIR, FESEM-EDX, TEM, XRD, TGA, and BET-BJH spectroscopy. The study focused on the removal of lead (Pb²⁺) ions from aqueous solutions. The maximum adsorption capacity was 243.667 mg/g at 35 °C, and the adsorption kinetics were found to be consistent with a pseudo-second-order reaction model. Moreover, the adsorption of lead (Pb²⁺) ions followed Freundlich and Temkin isothermic patterns. The Pb²⁺ removal study at different temperatures (5, 15, 25, and 35 °C) demonstrated that the adsorption process is primarily a physical one. Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, entropy, and equilibrium constant were calculated. In this study, we investigated the effects of both temperature and pH. The results showed that with increasing pH and temperature, adsorption efficiency increased, consistent with the endothermic nature of the process, which was spontaneous. The Pb²⁺ removal efficiency was verified after washing the adsorbent with sodium hydroxide, and the results were very encouraging, even after five washes. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115477_5b852357911640190ba696c16db31ef4.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Effects of Curcumin Nanoparticles on Hepatic Cell Lines Exposed to Acetaminophen-Induced Toxicity: An In Vitro Experimental Study 3153 3161 115478 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.011 EN Asaad H. Alzaidy Department of laboratory and Clinical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah, Iraq Safaa H. Ganduh Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah, Iraq Murtadha Saleh Hussien Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah, Iraq Journal Article 2026 02 06 Acetaminophen (APAP), which is safe at therapeutic levels, is a major cause of drug-induced hepatotoxicity globally. In this study, curcumin nanoparticles (Cur-NPs) were tested for their cytotoxic and antioxidant effects on HepG2 hepatic cells after APAP injury. Nanoprecipitation produced Cur-NPs, which were characterised by FTIR, XRD, and FESEM. FTIR shows curcumin’s functional groups, while XRD shows a semi-crystalline structure with much lower peak intensities than bulk curcumin. Spherical nanoparticles with 60–90 nm diameters were seen in FESEM micrographs. After pretreatment with Cur-NPs (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 µg/mL), HepG2-cells were subjected to 20 mM APAP over 24 hours. MTT assay-measured cell viability revealed dose-dependent protection, peaking at 40 µg/mL Cur-NPs. Pretreated groups had dramatically restored antioxidant biomarkers SOD, GSH, and MDA to near-control levels. Based on bioavailability and cellular uptake, Cur-NPs appear to reduce APAP-induced oxidative damage and promote hepatic cell survival more than free curcumin. Before clinical translation, Cur-NPs must be validated in vivo, but these in vitro results suggest hepatoprotection. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115478_408fb323d3924f2c67176c83bdafa471.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Utilization of Honey: Characterization and Assessment of Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities 3162 3170 115479 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.012 EN Tiba Ayad Ahmed Sezae Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Mustansiriyah University, Iraq College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Department of Biology, Baghdad, Iraq Nada Sabah Razouqi Al Kindy College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 09 In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNps) were successful synthesized using honey as antural, ecofriendly, cost effective and stabilizing agent. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed using several characterization techniques included (UV)visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results indicated that the synthesized AgNps were stable, solid and uniformly distributed, these finding suggest that honey can be effectively used as a green alternative for synthesis silvers nanoparticles. The antibacterial efficacy of the biosynthesized AgNPs was examined against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizing the agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. The findings demonstrated significant antibacterial efficacy against both bacterial types. The antibiofilm efficacy of AgNPs was assessed via the crystal violet microtiter plate assay, revealing a substantial decrease in biofilm development in a concentration dependent manner. The synergistic antibacterial and antibiofilm results demonstrate that honey-mediated AgNPs possess significant antimicrobial efficacy. The results indicate that biosynthesized AgNPs may be viable candidates for biomedical applications, especially in the prevention of biofilm-associated illnesses and the creation of antimicrobial coatings. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115479_ab759cf9953cc3bf257017c5113a2e95.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Nonlinear Optical Properties of Mixed Organic Laser Dye Thin Films Doped with Metal Nanoparticles and PMMA Polymer 3171 3180 115482 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.013 EN Alaa Ali Diwan Shamkhi Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Babylon, Babylon 51002, Iraq Ban A. Naser Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon 51002, Iraq Nihal A. AbdulWahhab Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon 51002, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 01 This work investigates the non-linear optical properties of thin films composed of an organic laser three-dye combination (Fluorescein, Eosin-Y and Rhodamine B) doped with PMMA polymer and incorporating (Ag, Cu, and SiO2) nanoparticles dissolved in chloroform solvent at room temperature, The thin films were prepared by drop-casting dye solutions at a concentration of 10-3 M. The absorption spectra were recorded in the (300-800) nm range. X-ray analysis was utilized to determine the structure and composition of materials. Where the(Mix+ PMMApolymer +Ag nanoparticles) exhibited the highest crystallinity. The AFM assay results for thin films after deposition of the polymer-based dye mixture and nanomaterial’s revealed that as the film thickness increased, the surface roughness and average diameter increased, thus increasing the linear absorbance, which in turn increased the nonlinear absorption coefficient. The nonlinear optical parameters, including the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) and nonlinear refractive index (n₂), were measured using the open- and closed-aperture Z-scan technique. The open-aperture results confirmed that the saturable absorption was present in all thin films. Strong nonlinear optical responses were observed, with a linear dependence of the nonlinear refractive index on the nonlinear phase shift. The results suggest that the prepared films are suitable for use as an active laser medium and in optoelectronic application. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115482_f59ade21e735bd572eb21a296c41b481.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Role of Rosmarinus Officinalis L Extract as a Bio-Reducing Agent for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials and its Use as a Fungicide 3181 3189 115483 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.014 EN Nidhal Abdul Hussein Al-Bdairi Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kufa University, Najaf, Iraq Mohammed Fakhri AL-Khafaji The Babylon Governorate Education Directorate, Babylon, Iraq Journal Article 2026 02 10 The manufacture of nanoparticles using plant extracts is an important and useful biological process compared to other manufacturing methods. The reason for this is that the biological or green nanotechnology method where there is no problem in maintaining and preserving plant cell cultures, so there is no fear of mutation in the preparation medium, as is the case with bacterial or fungal cultures. It is also easy to prepare and manufacture, usually in a few quick steps, and is inexpensive. The aim of this research was to find a safer, more environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and harmless method of synthesizing silver nanoparticles from Rosmarinusofficinalis extract and using them as a fungicide. The nanoparticles (silver nanoparticles) were Biosynthesized by using the aqueous extract of the rosemary plant and using it as a biological agent to reduce silver nitrate to nano-sized silver ions, by distilling the plant extract on the silver nitrate solution and observing the color change process, which indicates the formation of silver nanoparticles. Scientific tests confirming the green manufacturing process were conducted. Silver nanoparticles were then used as a fungicide in the laboratory for fungi that produce certain mycotoxins. Silver nanoparticles can be synthesized from R. officinalis leaf extract. The silver nanoparticles appeared to have a semi-pyramidal shape with a size of 63.65 nm when examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy showed a peak at a wavelength of 345 nm, while X-ray diffraction showed four distinct diffraction peaks that matched the standard with which it was compared. The Atomic Force Microscopy examination showed that the size of the surface topography was 29.65 nanometers. Test results showed the effectiveness of three concentrations of silver (Ag) nanoparticles on certain pathogenic fungi that produce mycotoxins. The results of the experiment demonstrated the effectiveness of these nanoparticles. was very high in inhibiting the studied fungal species on PDA medium. It was observed that the percentage of inhibition increased with increasing concentrations, as the inhibition results at the concentration (ppm /L 100) of silver nanoparticles showed 100% complete inhibition with the two species Aspergillusnigerand Fusariumsolani, while 73.3% inhibition was observed for the same concentration with F. verticillioides. The study confirmed that the biosynthesis of nanoparticles through the use of plant extracts is a safe, fast, inexpensive and effective method. The study showed that nanoparticles prepared from rosemary extracts can be used as an antifungal agent against mycotoxins in the laboratory, with an inhibition rate of 100%. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115483_9b943fb203090de8f16b5540c832e282.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Anticancer Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Biosynthesized Using Urtica pilulifera L. Extract Against U87 Glioblastoma Cancer Cells 3190 3200 115484 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.015 EN Jaafar Nashid Hameed Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kufa, Iraq Athraa Kareem Abas Department of Biology, Faculty of Education for Girls, University of Kufa, Iraq Muthik A. Guda Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kufa, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 20 The rapid expansion of green nanotechnology has driven renewed interest in environmentally safe approaches for producing biomedical nanomaterials. Among these, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have attracted considerable attention due to their biocompatibility, chemical stability, and notable anticancer properties. Their nanoscale dimensions enhance cellular interactions and promote selective toxicity toward malignant cells, making them promising candidates for therapeutic development. In this study, ZnONPs were synthesized using an aqueous extract of Urtica pilulifera leaves as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, alkaloids, and terpenoids, all of which contributed to nanoparticle formation. The synthesized particles were characterized using FE-SEM to verify their optical, structural, and morphological features, UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, and. Cytotoxic effects were evaluated against U87 glioblastoma cells using the MTT assay. Characterization revealed that the ZnONPs were spherical, crystalline, and coated with phytochemicals from the plant extract. Biological assays demonstrated a concentration-dependent reduction in U87 cell viability, accompanied by clear apoptotic indicators such as cell shrinkage and membrane disruption. The findings highlight the strong anticancer potential of green-synthesized ZnONPs, emphasizing their suitability as eco-friendly and effective agents for future applications in nanomedicine. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115484_4c7f3ff407073149bff2db56d1453790.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Preparation and Characterization of Nanoscale BaTiO3 3201 3206 115485 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.016 EN Anas A. Hamdi Salahuddin Education Directorate, Ministry of Education, Salahuddin, Iraq Mohammed A. Mohmmed Salahuddin Education Directorate, Ministry of Education, Salahuddin, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 05 In this work, a 1:1 molar ratio of TiO2 and barium salts was used to prepare a BaTiO3 nanocomposite. A precursor solution was prepared through the chemical precipitation method and then hydrothermally treated to achieve different morphologies and structural forms of the nanocomposite. X-ray diffraction, which was used for structural characterization, demonstrated that the nanocomposite had an average particle size of approximately 56 nm and validated its crystalline nature. Surface morphology and particle size were assessed through scanning electron microscopy. The elemental composition and weight percentages of constituent elements were also determined by employing energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to confirm the effective synthesis of the nanocomposite. These results were then compared with the anticipated theoretical values. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115485_5a2a853d397cd73f5b698aabe5c72a1c.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Development of a Sustainable Bacterial Inhibitor Through Green Precipitation Utilizing Beetroot Extract of ZnO and MnO NPs 3207 3216 115486 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.017 EN Karrar Muhammad Musa Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Babylon, Al-Hilla, Iraq Mohammed A. Akraa Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Babylon, Al-Hilla, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 27 This study deals with the preparation of new metal oxide materials derived from metal precursors using a low-cost sustainable green synthesis approach based on natural plant extracts. The preparation process involved the formation of powders of metal oxides by the precipitation method by adding Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) to Ionic aqueous solutions containing zinc chloride  and manganese chloride. Different weight ratios of mineral precursors have been used to study the effect of chemical composition on the synthetic and functional properties of the resulting materials. After that, the prepared mixtures were subjected to heat treatment inside an electric oven to obtain powders of (ZnO) and manganese oxide (MnO). The final weight composition of the prepared materials was approximately 38% by weight of ZnO and 62% by weight of MnO, depending on the stoichiometric conversion of the initial salts to their corresponding oxides. The compositional, morphological and compositional characteristics of the prepared sample were studied using a number of advanced analysis techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy X-ray scattering spectroscopy (EDS). The FT-IR results confirmed the formation of the characteristic metal-oxygen bonds indicative of the formation of ZnO and MnO, while the FESEM images showed a morphological structure at the nanoscale with a heterogeneous distribution of particles influenced by the mechanism of green synthesis adopted in the preparation. The EDS analysis also confirmed the presence of the basic elements of zinc, manganese and oxygen inside the formed structure with a noticeable absence of impurities https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115486_8843d653f54c27f35ea345baaedb8304.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Nanocrystalline Cu(II) Schiff-Base/Viologen Adducts: Williamson-Hall Size-Strain Analysis and Redox-Triggered π-Dimer Molecular Switches 3217 3226 115487 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.018 EN Khalid K Shaker Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Thi-Qar, Thi-Qar 64001, Iraq Wathiq S. Abdul-Hassan Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Thi-Qar, Thi-Qar 64001, Iraq Athraa Mekky Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Thi-Qar, Thi-Qar 64001, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 19 A new family of nanocrystalline copper(II) bis(keto-imino) complexes bearing the chlorinated Schiff-base ligand (Z)-ethyl 4-chloro-3-(phenylimino)butanoate (EClN) was synthesized and structurally characterized at the nanoscale. The parent complex CuEClN was prepared by condensation of EClN with copper(II) acetate, then five-coordinate adducts CuEClN-py, CuEClN-bpy, CuEClN-C₁V⁺.PF₆⁻ and CuEClN-V₂²⁺.2PF₆⁻ were obtained through axial coordination of pyridine, 4,4ʹ-bipyridine, mono-methyl viologen hexafluorophosphate (C₁V⁺.PF₆⁻) and propylene-bridged bis-viologen bis(hexafluorophosphate) (V₂²⁺.2PF₆⁻). The compounds were identified by FT-IR, LC-MS, UV-Visible and TGA analyses. Powder X-ray diffraction confirmed the crystalline character of every compound, and crystallite sizes were quantified in the nanoscale (range ≈ 6 – 81 nm) by both Scherrer and Williamson–Hall (W–H) models. The W–H analysis simultaneously delivered the lattice-strain (ε) and revealed that bulky charged axial viologens generate the strongest distortion (ε = 1.56 × 10⁻³ for CuEClN-V₂²⁺.2PF₆⁻), whereas the small, flexible parent ligand EClN gives the most ordered lattice. FE-SEM micrographs corroborated the XRD trend: chlorinated viologen complexes display sub-10 µm aggregates with finer secondary particles. UV-Visible spectra in DMF/DMSO show the d–d transitions expected for square-planar (CuEClN) and square-pyramidal (adducts) geometries. Chemical reduction of the viologen-bearing complexes by activated zinc and electrochemical reduction by cyclic voltammetry in DMF (under Ar) furnished, respectively, intermolecular π-dimers (CuEClNC₁V•)₂ and an intramolecular bis-viologen π-dimer within CuEClNV₂, monitored by characteristic absorption bands at ≈ 380 nm and ≈ 554–560 nm. The reversibility upon air re-oxidation establishes these nanocrystalline complexes as redox-triggered molecular switches and promising candidates for nano-electronic and smart-material applications. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115487_192d68a42faba11d9704104c5e1b4100.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity of Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Dombeya wallichii Extract on Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines 3227 3239 115488 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.019 EN Ahmed Aqeel Shihab Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Babylon, Iraq Fadia Hameed Mohammed Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Babylon, Iraq Shaemaa Muhi Hasson Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Babylon, Iraq Journal Article 2026 04 03 This study investigated the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using the aqueous leaf extract of Dombeya wallichii as a plant-based source of reducing and stabilizing agents. The synthesized ZnO-NPs were examined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy in order to confirm their formation and evaluate their main physicochemical characteristics. The biological activity of the aqueous leaf extract and the green-synthesized ZnO-NPs was assessed through antioxidant and cytotoxicity assays. The antioxidant potential was measured using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, whereas cytotoxic activity was evaluated by the MTT assay against human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and normal mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10). The obtained results showed that both treatments produced concentration-dependent effects. However, ZnO-NPs showed higher free radical scavenging activity and stronger inhibitory effects against MCF-7 cells than the crude plant extract. Their effect on MCF-10 cells was comparatively lower, which may indicate a selective action toward cancer cells. Based on these findings, the aqueous leaf extract of D. wallichii appears to be a suitable natural medium for the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs. The resulting nanoparticles showed promising antioxidant and anticancer properties, suggesting their potential value as bioactive nanomaterials for further breast cancer-related investigations. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115488_67f135456c006eb84f13be5ee9d03b7a.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Synthesis, Characterization and Adsorption of Crystal Violet (CV) Dye from Aqueous Solutions by Modified Bentonite/Polymethacrylic Acid/Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrogel Nano/Micro Surface 3240 3256 115489 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.020 EN Huda Basim Hadi Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of AL-Qadisiyah, Iraq Faiq F. Karam Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of AL-Qadisiyah, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 09 Herein, the synthesis of a novel eco-friendly hydrogel composite was carried out using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) and methacrylic acid (MAA) as major monomers to produce free radical polymerization combined with modified bentonite. Both PMAA added functional groups and increased the density of functional groups on the surface for more efficient reaction kinetics with AAP, while sodium-modified bentonite also significantly improved BET surface area, cation-exchange capacity (CEC), and structural integrity – all contributing to a clearly defined porous structure containing abundant active sites. FTIR, XRD, BET, FE-SEM and TGA were used to characterize the composite and confirm its structural, chemical and morphological properties. The influence of varying adsorbent dosage, contact time, solution pH and temperature were evaluated through batch adsorption tests for its removal on the crystal violet (CV) dye. Through optimization of parameters such as pH (pH = 8) and equilibrium time (t = 72 h), a maximum adsorption capacity of the hydrogel was reached, equal to 140.56 mg·g⁻¹, whereas the optimal removal efficiencies towards toxic metals were computed at T = 5°C. Results obtained from adsorption data fitted the Langmuir isotherm and suggested monolayer chemisorption on a homogenous surface. Thermodynamic calculation indicated ΔS° = −9.108 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹, ΔG° = +2.523 kJ·mol⁻¹ and ΔH° = −10.485 kJ·mol⁻¹ that presented the moderate spontaneity and exothermic reaction stage during the crystallization process. The PMAA/SCMC/modified bentonite hydrogel shows a good structural property and an exceptional adsorption stability for CV dye, as proved by above mentioned findings. In summary, this composite exhibited a potential clean adsorbent for high performance wastewater treatment. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115489_45fe9691aeb79a268613b3babdf481aa.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Foliar Nano-Fertilization with ZnO and Fe₂O₃ Nanoparticles Enhances Phytochemical Quality and Antioxidant Capacity of Ocimum basilicum L. 3257 3269 115494 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.021 EN Ansam Fouad Ahmed Forensic Science Department, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah, Iraq Marawh HAKIM Turkl Department of Environment, College of Science, University of AL-Qadisiyah, Iraq Alhan Hamid Faisal Department of Basic Science, College of Dentistry, University of AL-Qadisiyah, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 20 The study examined the impact of ZnO and Fe₂O₃-nanoparticles on growth, metabolite buildup, and antioxidant enzyme activity in three sweet basil cultivars (Ocimum basilicum L.). A factorial randomised complete block arrangement was duplicated three times in the 2025 season study. ZnO-NPs and Fe₂O₃-NPs were foliar sprayed on Dark Opal, Genovese, and Cinnamon basil cultivars at 0, 50, 100, and 150mg.L⁻¹; nanomaterials were characterised using SEM and XRD. Increased plant height, leaf number, shoot biomass, and chlorophyll levels were observed with both nanoparticle types, with the most consistent morphological benefits across cultivars at 100mg.L⁻¹ ZnO-NPs. After treatment, carbohydrates, proteins, and free amino acids increased significantly. Fe₂O₃-NPs at 100mg.L⁻¹ significantly increased secondary metabolism, including phenolics, flavonoids, and essential oils. CAT, POD, and SOD activities increased in treated plants, and GC-MS profiling showed bioactive chemical variations between treatments and cultivars. While cultivar x treatment interaction was significant for most variables, Dark Opal was the most responding cultivar. The study suggests that foliar sprays of ZnO-NPs and Fe₂O₃-NPs can improve the growth and phytochemical value of sweet basil, potentially for medicinal plant production. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115494_9e4fbf16e754c1e048f736ea7699544c.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 ‏ Influence of Chromium Incorporation on the Structural, Optical, and Magnetic Behaviour of Cu2ZnSnS4 Nanomaterial 3270 3279 115495 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.022 EN Sara K. Naif Department of Dairy Science and Technology, College of food science, Al-Qasim Green University, Iraq Journal Article 2026 04 02 The Cu2Zn1-xCrxSnS4 (x=0- 1) compound was synthesized by sol-gel method in order to modulate the structural and morphological characteristics of the compound. XRD studies revealed that there is small variation of lattice constants with slight distortion in crystal structure due to partial substitution (Cr) which confirms the successful entrance of Cr2+ ions into the Cu2ZnSnS4 lattice. While Raman confirmed the formation of a pure Cu2ZnSnS4 phase with slight peak shifting due to the substitution, FESEM images demonstrated that the particle size ranged in the nanoscale with a regular surface distribution. Photoluminescence measurements indicate that increasing chromium content causes changes in the optical bandgap, potentially leading to modifications in the optical properties. Meanwhile, magnetic analysis confirms that increasing chromium content directly affects the magnetic properties of the compound, causing it to shift from paramagnetic to weakly magnetic behaviour. The results show that the optical and magnetic properties of the Cu2ZnSnS4 compound can be changed by replacing zinc with chromium, which enhances its use in photocatalysis and thin-film solar cells. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115495_29ce2217e332ed1b7cf748933115db9e.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Synthesis and Characterization of a Schiff Base Ligand Derived from Diacetyl Monoxime, and the Study of Its Ag(I) Nanocomplex and Evaluation of Their Biological Activity 3280 3295 115496 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.023 EN Eman Jubiar Ministry of Education General Directorate of Al-Qadisiyah Education, Diwaniyah, Iraq Ghusoon Faidhi Department of Chemistry, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah, Iraq Shaimaa Adnan Department of Chemistry, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniyah, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 09 The work in this paper describes the preparation and characterization of a new Silver (I) complex that is bonded with a Schiff Base Ligand synthesized from Diacetylmonoxime. A full range of analytical techniques have been used to determine fully the structure and the physical properties of both the ligand and the resultant complex. These include FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H and 13C NMR Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry and Elemental Analysis (C, H, N), Crystallographic (X-Ray Diffraction) and Morphological (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy) studies of the solid state complex, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of the solid state complex’s thermal decomposition, and Atomic Absorption, Magnetic Susceptibility, and Molar Conductivity measurements for the determination of the complex’s key physical/chemical parameters. Biological activity, selectivity, and potential therapeutic efficacy of the ligand and the complex was examined in cytotoxicity studies with lung cancer cells (A549) and normal cells (WRL-68). Additionally, we conducted an antioxidant study with the DPPH free radical scavenger assay and compared the results to that of regular ascorbic acid. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115496_b49db9281c179a902dd557836dab9d70.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Valorization of Zahidi Date Palm Waste for Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles: Phytochemical-Driven Morphology Controlled 3296 3310 115497 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.024 EN Ali Malik Dukhn Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Babylon, Iraq Rehab Edan Kadhim Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Babylon, Iraq Nidaa Adnan Abu Serag Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Babylon, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 03 It’s a sustainable and environmentally friendly method for reducing agricultural waste, while in the meantime it helps for the production of additional valuables. The production of ZnO nanoparticles by using green method employing four different Zahidi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) residue aqueous extracts such as kernels, spines, leaflets and fibers are reported in the present investigation. The phytochemical content analyses of the prepared extracts show a variation in secondary metabolites for each extract and are discussed to find its role in the formation of nanoparticles and morphology. Kernels extract exhibited the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents, while leaflet extract showed the highest saponin contents, and spines extract contained the highest alkaloid content. The prepared biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and EDX techniques.Distinct ZnO morphologies were obtained depending on the residues used during synthesis. Kernels extract produced flower-like nanostructures, spines extract generated spherical nanoparticles, leaflet extract formed sheet-like structure, and fiber extract resulted in dense irregular nanostructures. Since all synthesis conditions were maintained constant, the variation in ZnO morphology was mainly attributed to residue-dependent phytochemical differences.  https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115497_bd1599975e8072a353fb7f4e7973bbb1.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Laser-Ablated Au-Nanoparticles with Tunable Optical and Antibacterial Properties for Photothermal Antimicrobial Therapy 3311 3322 115498 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.025 EN Sadeq Mohammed Burhan Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia Taoufik Soltani Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia Entidhar Jasim Khamees Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Babylon University, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 24 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were prepared successfully as environmentally friendly colloids that contain high purity and no added chemical agents by using pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) process. Three different types of liquid environments were used for a systematic evaluation in order to assess the physical characteristics: structural, optical, and antibacterial, respectively, of each medium produced by using double-distilled deionized water (DDDW); sodium hydroxide (NaOH); and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements confirmed that all the prepared AuNPs crystallized in a face-centered cubic (FCC) form, with the smallest crystallite sizes measured for NaOH-synthesized nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies indicated spherical and mostly well spread nanoparticles with average diameters of around 25–39 nm. UV–Visible spectroscopy for optical characterization showed strongly marked surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorptions of 356–587 nm with significant variation with the synthesis medium. The optical band gap energies, inferred from Tauc plots, were in the range of 3.8 to 4.7 eV, demonstrating robust coupling upon the size and surface electronic structure of nanoparticles. Antibacterial activity of the prepared AuNPs was measured in Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Streptococcus spp. Although green laser irradiation (532 nm, 300 mW) alone resulted in a relatively modest inhibition in bacterial growth, a significantly better antibacterial effect was demonstrated when laser irradiation coupled with AuNP treatment. The synergy behind this effect is due to laser-induced enhancement of bacterial membrane permeability leading to elevated uptake of nanoparticles and subsequent internal cell damage. The dramatically less bacterial viability was also confirmed by ELISA detection at 405 nm, which once again confirmed the drastic reduction in bacterial viability. In general, the results show that AuNPs, formed by PLAL can demonstrate a high antibacterial activity that could be easily enhanced by laser irradiation. The proposed plasmonic nanoparticle–laser synergy showed promise of PLAL-produced AuNPs for applications in photonic and photothermal antibacterial therapy. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115498_c7be077834afa302465eb45a50908fd8.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Renewable Dragon Fruit Peel Extract-Based Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis and Burn-Related Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Antibacterial and Antioxidant Features 3323 3336 115499 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.026 EN Zahra Falih Mahdi Biology Department, College of Science for Women, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq Huda Jasim M. Altameme Biology Department, College of Science for Women, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq Nisreen Kaddim Radi Biology Department, College of Science for Women, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 10 The current work intended to establish an ecologically friendly method for the manufacture of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) utilizing Hylocereus polyrhizus (dragon fruit) peel aqueous extract and assess their biological potential. Initial phytochemical screening found flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins in the plant extract, suggesting its potential as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. In the present study, UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), atomic force microscopy (AFM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize our biosynthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles. It was found that we have formed nanoparticles that are mainly spherical and display a nanoscale size distribution. Our work revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles have a dose-dependent antioxidant effect in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, achieving 59.33% at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, and also examined their response to multidrug-resistant burn infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Increasing the nanoparticle concentration resulted in larger inhibitory zones, indicating their potential action. Results of biocompatibility testing indicated that the magnesium oxide nanoparticles we synthesized exhibited no hemolytic activity at any of the doses tested, demonstrating excellent biomedical safety. Our work indicates that magnesium oxide nanoparticles, synthesized from dragon fruit peel extract using green methods, exhibit significant antioxidant and antibacterial properties, potentially offering a novel approach to treating burn-infected wounds caused by resistant bacterial strains. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115499_2e9a7774ab27bddbe9b537db928fc3d2.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles: Cytotoxic Effects on MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 Cancer Cell Lines and Physicochemical Characterization 3337 3345 115500 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.027 EN Abualfadhel Yahya T Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq Jenan Taha Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq Ibramim Mahmood Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 13 The application of nanotechnology in cancer therapy has attracted significant attention in recent years. Among various nanomaterials, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have demonstrated promising potential due to their relatively low toxicity toward normal cells, cost-effectiveness, and potential ability to selectively target cancer cells. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory biological activity of silver nanoparticles against two human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Silver nanoparticles were characterized using several analytical techniques including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Energy Dispersion X-ray (EDX), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Filed Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). The characterization results confirmed the successful synthesis of quasi-spherical silver nanoparticles with particle sizes ranging from 30 to 40 nm. The cytotoxic effect of the synthesized AgNPs was investigated using the MTT assay on both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines at six different concentrations. The results indicated a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of silver nanoparticles on both cancer cell lines, with a stronger cytotoxic activity observed against the MDA-MB-231 cell line. These findings highlight the potential of silver nanoparticles as promising anticancer agents against breast cancer cells and support the need for further investigations using more advanced biological models. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115500_a067d762a33d04a7185a1a4d9bd82129.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Green Production of Silver Nanoparticle Using Mushroom Extract Against Leishmania in vivo 3346 3356 115501 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.028 EN Hawraa H. Esmael Clinical laboratory science branch, College of Pharmacy, Al- Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 10 The emergence of nanotechnology has enabled novel strategies for treating parasitic infections, particularly through the use of biosynthesized nanoparticles. This study focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using white mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) extract as a bioreducing and stabilizing agent and evaluates their therapeutic efficacy against Leishmania donovani in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirming their spherical morphology, crystalline structure, and surface plasmon resonance at ~430 nm. Mice were divided into five groups: healthy control, infected control, AgNPs-treated, Pentostam-treated, and AgNPs + Pentostam-treated. Treatment with AgNPs, either alone or in combination with Pentostam, significantly reduced liver and spleen enlargement or restored hematological parameters toward normal levels. The combined treatment showed the most notable therapeutic benefit, indicating a synergistic effect. These findings support the potential of mushroom-mediated AgNPs as a biocompatible and effective adjunct therapy for visceral leishmaniasis, offering a sustainable and less toxic alternative to conventional treatments. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115501_ccea7e955f32281f70781ae1dd95ae0b.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Bromocriptine Mesylate Polymeric Nanoparticle loaded in Fast Dissolving Oral Film 3357 3366 115502 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.029 EN Esraa Ghazy Department of Pharmaceutics, Alrasheed University College of Pharmacy, Iraq Zainab Mahdi Department of Pharmaceutics, Alrasheed University College of Pharmacy, Iraq Basma M. Hadi Department of Pharmaceutics, Alrasheed University College of Pharmacy, Iraq Rwaieda Adel Department of Pharmaceutics, Al-Esraa University College of Pharmacy, Iraq Ali Abass Department of Pharmaceutics, Alrasheed University College of Pharmacy, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 05 Polymer-based nanoparticles are colloidal systems composed of either natural or synthetic polymers. Bromocriptine, a semi-synthetic ergot alkaloid, binds to D2 dopamine receptors, decreasing prolactin secretion. It is prescribed for conditions like neuroleptic malignant syndrome, acromegaly, infertility, and hyperprolactinemia. Bromocriptine mesylate has limited water solubility, with gastrointestinal absorption between 28% and 37%. Nevertheless, its oral bioavailability is reduced to about 6% due to first-pass metabolism in the liver. This study aimed to develop and assess a polymeric nanoparticle system containing bromocriptine mesylate to improve its solubility, wettability, dissolution rate, and stability. This would facilitate more efficient delivery of bromocriptine mesylate through a fast-dissolving oral film. The method involved polymeric nanoparticle emulsification and solvent evaporation. Initially, the polymer solution was emulsified in an aqueous nanomaterial phase, then solvent evaporation was performed. PEG400 and poloxamer 188 served as the internal polymers, while Tween 80 functioned as the surfactant to produce the polymeric nanoparticles. The nanoparticle formulated with PEG400 as the internal polymer had a size range of 154 nm to 537 nm. The entrapment efficiency (EE) was tested on the selected formula (F4), which had the smallest particle size, resulting in 92%. Drug release reached 96% within 60 minutes. FTIR analysis showed no changes in the fingerprint region of bromocriptine https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115502_3e1840be267a121d3166564700fafb0a.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Therapeutic Efficacy of Gold Nanoparticles in Ulcerative Colitis Management via NF-κB Pathway Inhibition 3367 3375 115503 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.030 EN Raghad Hasan Nafal Basic Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Ibn Sina University of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq Ahmed T. Enad Basic Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Ibn Sina University of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq Noor Ali Zayed Basic Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Ibn Sina University of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq Journal Article 2026 04 06 Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic large intestine inflammatory condition, burdens patients and health systems. Many patients benefit from aminosalicylate, corticosteroid, and biological therapy, although side effects, incomplete response, and relapses limit their long-term usage. Due to these restrictions, nanoparticle-based therapy is gaining popularity as a possible alternative. In this study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesised by reducing HAuCl₄ with sodium citrate. To assess their therapeutic potential, a dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced UC model in BALB/c mice was UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, and FESEM were used to characterise the nanoparticles. FTIR showed citrate capping surface functional groups, XRD signals matched metallic gold’s face-centered cubic structure, and FESEM showed mainly spherical particles with a mean diameter of 25 nm. Oral AuNPs (5 mg/kg/day) were given to mice for 14 days. The disease activity index, colon length, myeloperoxidase activity, and histological grades improved significantly after treatment. Western blotting and ELISA indicated reductions in TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in colonic tissue compared to the untreated colitic group. AuNPs ameliorate experimental UC by inhibiting the NF-κB signalling pathway, suggesting further research as a supplementary treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115503_a6398e3fa00803adbc6dfa1754ec6a11.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 N,O-Chitosan Containing 1,3,4- Thiadiazole/CMC/ Nanoparticles and Study Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel 3376 3387 115504 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.031 EN Dhefaf H. Badri Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Iraq Ruwaidah S. Saeed Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Iraq Dheefaf F. Hassan Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Iraq Huda A. Hassan Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 21 Corrosion is a significant chemical and electrochemical process that leads to the degradation of metals through reactions with their environment- including air, moisture, acids, and salts. This occurrence represents a serious industrial and economic issue, causing significant financial losses annually and affecting the soundness of metal structures such as bridges, pipelines, and industrial equipment. In light of the critical need to mitigate corrosion damage, scientific research has prioritized the study of its underlying mechanisms and prevention strategies. Key advancements include the application of corrosion inhibitors, protective coatings, and nanomaterials, all of which have demonstrated significant efficacy in lowering corrosion rates and enhancing the longevity of metallic substrates. In this study, novel nanocomposites were synthesized, beginning with the preparation of 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole [1]. This precursor was obtained through the reaction of NH2NH2.H2O (0.01 mol, 99%) with carbon disulfide (0.02 mol). Subsequently, compound [1] was reacted with chloroacetic acid and anhydrous sodium carbonate in distilled water to yield 2,2’-((1,3,4-thiadiazole-2,5-diyl)bis(sulfanediyl))diacetic acid [2]. To prepare the corresponding acid chloride, compound [2] was treated with thionyl chloride in benzene to produce compound [3]. Finally, the O-chitosan derivative [4] was synthesized via the esterification of chitosan with compound [3] in an acidic aqueous medium, following the Fischer esterification method. O,N-carboxymethyl chitosan [5] was synthesized via the reaction of chitosan with compound [4] in a mixture of chloroform and pyridine. Subsequently, the modified chitosan derivatives [4, 5] were blended with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to yield polymer blends [6, 7]. These blends were further incorporated with copper, silver, or zinc nanoparticles using a hotplate stirrer for three hours to produce nanocomposites [8–13]. The structural and morphological characteristics of the synthesized polymers and composites were characterized using (FTIR), (1H-NMR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Testing the corrosion inhibition of modified CS, modified CS /CMC and nanocomposites on mild steel in 0.1M HCl was conducted by weight loss analysis and electrochemical measurements were used to explore the corrosion inhibition study. The results show that nanocomposites [11-13] have a higher inhibition rate than blended polymer [7], modified CS[5] against the corrosion of carbon steel. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115504_cde4526fabd876bfac6ebe89c7c9532f.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Development of a New Ag Nanoparticles Decorated on Graphene Oxide (AgNPs@GO) as Colorimetric Sensor for Sensitive Cefazolin Determination in Complex Matrices 3388 3404 115509 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.032 EN Kasimova Masuda Department of Internal Diseases, Endocrinology, Tashkent State Medical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Rakhmatullaeva Gulnoza Department of Internal Diseases, Endocrinology, Tashkent State Medical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Kodirova Shakhlo Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Ruzigul Bazarova Department of Biology, Gulistan State University, Gulistan, Uzbekistan Surayyo Abdurasulova Gulistan State University, Gulistan, Uzbekistan Turaev Muxtor Department of Biology, Bukhara State University, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Navruza Irmukhamedova Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad al- Khwarizmi, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Umarova Odinakhon Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Andijan State Medical Institute, Andijan, Uzbekistan Tukhtayev Ilkhom Department of Neurology, Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Eronov Yoqub Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Mamadaliyeva Umida Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tashkent State Medical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Davronova Hilola Department of Neurology, Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Abdurasulov Sardor Department of Neurology, Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2026 03 14 Herein, we describe the development of a novel colorimetric sensor based on silver nanoparticles decoratively anchored onto a graphene oxide scaffold (AgNPs@GO) for the sensitive and selective determination of cefazolin in complex biological and environmental matrices. The nanocomposite was synthesized through an in-situ citrate-mediated reduction strategy, affording spherical silver nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 18.6 ± 4.2 nm uniformly dispersed across the graphene oxide surface. Comprehensive characterization employing FE-SEM, FT-IR, and XRD confirmed the successful immobilization of highly crystalline, phase-pure silver nanoparticles onto the exfoliated carbon support. The sensor operates on the principle of analyte-induced aggregation, transduced as a ratiometric change in the localized surface plasmon resonance absorption (A₆₅₀/A₄₀₀). Under optimized conditions (pH 7.0, 50 mM NaCl, 12 min incubation, 0.25 mg·mL⁻¹ AgNPs@GO), the probe exhibited a linear response toward cefazolin across the concentration range of 0.5 to 75.0 µM, with a limit of detection of 0.16 µM. The sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity against structurally analogous antibiotics and common coexisting species, with notable tolerance to ionic strength up to 100 mM NaCl. Practical applicability was validated through quantitative recovery of cefazolin from spiked human serum (96.0–98.9%), river water (98.0–99.6%), and wastewater effluent (94.0–97.8%), with results statistically equivalent to those obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography. This AgNPs@GO platform reconciles operational simplicity with robust analytical performance, presenting a compelling alternative to conventional instrumentation for antibiotic monitoring in resource-limited settings. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115509_50171f368f138f3066a655f4c80d3e65.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Study the Thermal, Electrical, and Optical Properties for Nano Composite of PVA/PVP Blend Incorporated by Gold and Silver Nanoparticles via Laser Ablation 3405 3412 115510 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.033 EN Ammar Ayesh Habeeb Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq Sarah Mahmoud Abdallh Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq Omar Taher Joban Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Al Iraqia University, Iraq Lara Faleh Hassan Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq Faisal G. Hammoodi Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 20 This analytical study of the functional properties of a PVA/PVP polymer blend incorporated with gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles prepared via laser ablation technique revealed significant quantitative improvements in thermal, electrical, and optical properties. Thermally, thermal conductivity measurements showed a clear increase in samples containing nanoparticles. Sample silver with polymer blend (AgNPs/(PVA/PVP)) recorded the highest value of approximately 1.25×10-2 W/m·oK compared to the Sample pure polymer blend (PVA/PVP), which had a value of about 7.5×10-3 W/m·oK. Electrically, the results showed a substantial increase in the dielectric constant of the composite samples (Au, Ag and Au/Ag NPs with PVA/PVP polymer blend) at low frequencies. The electrical conductivity of the composite samples with polymer blend also increased with increased the applied field frequency, exceeding 2.4×10-4 S/m at high frequencies (5×106 Hz) for sample Au/AgNPs/(PVA/PVP) and jumped from approximately 0.85×10-4 S/m  for the pure polymer blend to about  2.5×10-4 S/m  for sample AuNPs/(PVA/PVP, while it remained low for the pure sample. Optically, the optical transmittance of the composite samples decreased sharply in the visible region, dropping from about 90% for the pure sample to less than 10% at wavelengths around 240-340 nm for all samples. The absorption spectrum also showed a distinct absorption peak around 429 nm, indicating surface plasmon resonance. Furthermore, optical energy gap calculations showed a decrease from about 5.25 eV for the pure sample to approximately 4.5 eV for sample AgNPs/(PVA/PVP) and 4.95 eV for sample Au/AgNPs/(PVA/PVPSuch actual quantitative enhancements unequivocally illustrate the success of the laser process for producing advanced polymeric nanocomposites with enhanced capabilities, making them perfect candidates for use in flexible electronics, optical devices, and energy storage systems. Physical characteristics, PVA/PVP blend, Laser ablation technology, Gold and silver Nanoparticles, Nanocomposite films. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115510_aee03ee417bf1c86ad507637da1a19b5.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Preparation and Study of Some Physical Properties of CMC:PVA–AgO Nanocomposites 3413 3419 115511 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.034 EN Mustafa Saeed Science Department, College of Basic Education, Mustansiriyah University, Iraq Obaida A. AbdulHussein Department of Physics, College of Education, Al-Iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq Ali T. Abbood Ministry of Education, Directorate of Education AlKarkh 3, Iraq Mustafa Shakir Hashim Department of Physics, College of Education, Mustansiriyah University, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 27 This study investigates the effect of incorporating silver oxide (AgO) nanoparticles into a polymer composite made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were mixed in a 1:1 ratio. Nanocomposite films were prepared using casting method process with adding different concentrations of AgO nanoparticles (0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 wt%). Structural properties, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyzes were used to evaluate the effect of AgO incorporation on the properties of the polymer blend. Samples’ optical properties were tested by measuring their UV-Visible spectra. The findings show that the addition of AgO nanoparticles significantly improves the structural and optical properties of the mixture. For the nanocomposites containing 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 wt% AgO, the optical band gap gradually decreased from 5.35 eV (pure mixture) to 5.25, 5.20, and 5.16 eV, respectively.   https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115511_66b3cd5efaaa4308483ebc6db29086e6.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Functionalized Nano-Hydroxyapatite with Chitosan and Glutamic Acid: A Versatile Nano-Adsorbent for Cd(II) Removal from Aqueous Media and a Selective Antifungal Agent 3420 3430 115512 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.035 EN Huda S. Mahdi Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Thi-Qar, Al-Nasiriyah, Thi-Qar 64001, Iraq Saher Abdulridha Ali Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Thi-Qar, Al-Nasiriyah, Thi-Qar 64001, Iraq Safa H. Ali Department of Physics, College of Education, Al-Shatrah University, Al-Shatrah, Thi-Qar 64007, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 25 A nanostructured hydroxyapatite functionalised with chitosan and glutamic acid (n-HAp–Cs–Glu) was prepared via a wet-precipitation route and probed as a dual-purpose material for water remediation and microbial control. Beyond the basic XRD, FTIR, FESEM, TEM and BET data reported earlier, additional characterisation by atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and thermogravimetric analysis was carried out to confirm the nano-scale character and chemical integrity of the composite. The mean crystallite size dropped from 16.65 nm for pristine n-HAp to 12.27 nm after functionalisation, with AFM giving a mean particle diameter near 60 nm. The composite was then tested for Cd(II) uptake from aqueous solutions while varying contact time, dose, pH, initial concentration and temperature. Equilibrium was reached within 75 min and the kinetics were well described by the pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.9998), pointing toward a chemisorption-controlled process. Equilibrium data fitted the Langmuir isotherm better than Freundlich, with a maximum capacity of 48.54 mg g⁻¹ at 45 °C and separation factors RL well below unity. Thermodynamics were spontaneous (ΔG° < 0), endothermic (ΔH° > 0) and entropy-driven (ΔS° > 0). Antimicrobial assays showed no zone of inhibition against S. aureus or E. coli, but clear activity against the yeasts C. tropicalis and C. albicans, with a maximum inhibition diameter of 8.5 mm at 1000 mg L⁻¹. The findings highlight n-HAp–Cs–Glu as an inexpensive, eco-friendly nano-adsorbent that is also selectively antifungal. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115512_10ec95be1253449076d36e93010077d6.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Effect of Foliar Application of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Some Plant Enzymes of Chamomile (Matricaria Chamomilla L.) Under Different Irrigation Levels 3431 3439 115513 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.036 EN Sarah Fahkreldeen Zainy Department Biology, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Kerbala, Iraq Fatima Karim Khudair Alasadi Department Biology, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Kerbala, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 05 A plastic pot experiment was carried out in the courtyard of Al-Husseiniya Holy Shrine, which is situated in the Karbala Governorate , to investigate the effect of foliar application of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3) on certain plant enzymes in chamomile Matricaria chamomilla L. under different levels of irrigation levels. Two factors were included in the experiment. Iron oxide nanoparticles (represented by the letter F) applied topically at four different concentrations was the first factor :)) 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg L-¹(. The second factor was salinity levels (denoted as S), applied at four levels:) 2, 4, 6, and 8 dS m-¹(. Plants were grown in a loamy sand soil. Foliar spraying was carried out at four growth stages: the first at the stage of six leaves, the second at the stage of ten, the third at the stage of fifteen, and the fourth prior to flowering. A Completely Randomized Design (C.R.D.) with four repetitions was used to organize the experiment’s 64 experimental units. The collected data underwent statistical analysis: The activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT; katal g-¹ FW), superoxide dismutase (SOD; U g-¹ FW), peroxidase (POD; U g-¹ FW), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; U g-¹ FW), were significantly impacted by foliar application of iron oxide nanoparticles under individual treatment. In comparison to the control treatment, the highest reported values were 51.2, 309.3, 0.298, and 0.3483 U g-¹ FW, respectively. Under salinity stress, a significant increase was also observed in the activities of CAT, SOD, POD, and APX enzymes under individual treatments. The enzyme activities reached their maximum values of )51.8, 353.7, 0.322, and 0.2596 U g-¹ FW(, respectively, compared to the control. Significant differences were detected under the interaction treatments for CAT, SOD, POD, and APX activities. The treatment F3S3 exhibited the highest enzyme activities, reaching )76.8, 598.0, 0.445, and 0.4695 U g-¹ FW(, respectively, compared with the control. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115513_b125fb8d6ed865bfd56101e2bf785d14.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Green Synthesis of MnO, Fe₂O₃, and MnFe₂O₄ Nanoparticles Using Citrus sinensis Peel Extract: Structural, Morphological, Magnetic Characterization and Antibacterial Activity Evaluation 3440 3458 115517 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.037 EN Hikmat Zamel Hamel Physics Department, College of Science, University of Wasit, Wasit, Iraq Hashim Ali Yusr Physics Department, College of Science, University of Wasit, Wasit, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 20 The present study reports an eco-friendly green synthesis approach for the fabrication of manganese oxide (MnO), iron oxide (Fe₂O₃), and manganese ferrite spinel (MnFe₂O₄) nanoparticles utilizing aqueous extract of Citrus sinensis (orange) peel as a natural reducing and capping agent. The phytochemicals present in the orange peel extract, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and ascorbic acid, served as effective bio-reductants for metal ion reduction and stabilization of the resulting nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were comprehensively characterized using multiple analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). XRD analysis confirmed the successful formation of crystalline phases with average crystallite sizes of 14.05 nm for MnO, 24.17 nm for α-Fe₂O₃ (hematite), and 30.66 nm for MnFe₂O₄ spinel structure, calculated using the Debye-Scherrer equation. FESEM micrographs revealed predominantly spherical morphology with mean particle sizes of 19.65 ± 3.35 nm, 24.29 ± 1.48 nm, and 31.31 ± 3.92 nm for MnO, Fe₂O₃, and MnFe₂O₄, respectively, as determined by Gaussian distribution analysis. EDX spectroscopy confirmed the elemental composition and stoichiometric ratios of the synthesized nanoparticles without significant impurities. VSM measurements revealed superparamagnetic behavior for MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles, making them suitable for biomedical applications. The antibacterial efficacy was systematically evaluated against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) using the agar well diffusion method at varying concentrations (62.5-500 µg/mL). Results demonstrated concentration-dependent antibacterial activity for all nanoparticles. Notably, MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles exhibited superior antibacterial performance with maximum inhibition zones of 30 mm and 25 mm against E. coli and S. aureus at 500 µg/mL, respectively. The enhanced antibacterial activity of the mixed metal oxide nanoparticles is attributed to synergistic effects of manganese and iron ions in generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disrupting bacterial cell membrane integrity. These findings suggest that green-synthesized MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles hold significant potential for antimicrobial applications in biomedical and environmental sectors. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115517_90bc54721208cee90013ab4271746b3d.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Advanced Laser-Based Nanofabrication Techniques: Three-Dimensional Nanostructuring, MOF Annealing, and Magnetic Nanoparticle Control 3459 3472 115518 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.038 EN Hiba Jabbar Al-Musayyab Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Babylon, Iraq Shahad Hussein Department of Soil and Water Techniques, Al-Musayyab Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Babylon, Iraq Zena Karim Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 16 The study thoroughly examines three state-of-the-art laser-based nanofabrication methods which is a major breakthrough in the area of local fabrication and material science. In particular, the research looks at three dimensional nanostructuring using two-photon laser polymerization (2pp), metal-organic framework (MOF) nanostructure using laser annealing, and controlled nanoparticle magnetic properties using targeted laser irradiation. The entire experimental studies were carefully performed at the Nanotechnology Research Laboratory in Babylon Province in Iraq to provide reproducibility and accuracy using the state of the art optical setups. Two-photon polymerization enables the creation of arbitrary micro- and nano-structures in three-dimensions and with a resolution of only sub-micrometers to create complex geometries impossible with other lithography methods. This possibility is essential to work on micro-optics and biomedical scaffolds. At the same time, laser-based annealing techniques have been shown to be very useful to convert MOFs into useful carbonized forms with customized porosity and conductivity, which are required in storage of energy and catalytic functions. Moreover, the parameters of laser irradiation such as fluence, pulse length exert a substantial effect on the structure and magnetism of nanoparticles providing a guarantee of accurate control of their coercivity and saturation magnetization. This in-depth investigation involves both laborious results of the experiment, a large amount of characterization information with the help of SEM, XRD, VSM, and real-life examples of the application of these laser-based procedures to the most recent nanotechnology. The combination of these methodologies in the research indicates the flexibility of laser processing in the production of next-generation functional materials. The results provide meaningful information to the literature explaining how localized laser interactions can be used to create material properties at the nanoscale to be applied in biomedical, electronic, and sensing. Finally, this paper is the first step in closing the theoretical design and the practical application of nanofabrication, demonstrating the competence of the regional research centers to make a contribution to the nanotechnology improvement on the global level by providing a strict experimental validation and a background of the future scalable manufacturing techniques. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115518_fc33a36aaae155589e7da3e10f288005.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Synthesis and Plasma spectra characterization of Au, CeO2 Nanoparticles using Pulsed Laser Deposition 3473 3483 115519 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.039 EN Ruqaya Talib Kadhim Ministry of Education, General Directorate for Education in Thi-Qar, Iraq Lbtihaj Hussein Ali Ministry of Education, General Directorate for Education in Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Huda O. Saheb College of Science, University of Sumer, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 03 This study investigates the synthesis and plasma energy characterization of gold (Au) and cerium oxide (CeO₂) nanoparticles via pulsed laser deposition (PLD), with a focus on optimizing their structural and functional properties for biosensing applications. The conditions for the controlled fabrication of Au-CeO₂ nanoparticles by laser ablation were optimized (KrF 248 nm excimer laser, fluence: 2-10 J/cm²) and the dynamics of the plasma was investigated by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS). The correlation between the key plasma parameters such as electron temperature (Tₑ = 1–2.6 eV) and density (nₑ = 10¹⁶–10¹⁸ cm⁻³) with laser energy was reported, where the higher energy the larger the intensities of the spectral lines and the plasma shielding effects. Au nanoparticles (14.4 nm crystallite size) and CeO₂ (27 nm particle size) were found to have face centered cubic (FCC) and cubic fluorite structures, respectively, with preferential orientation along the (111) plane, respectively, according to X-ray diffraction (XRD). The uniform morphologies were confirmed with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115519_b09f2891775df70a21750a93244ed124.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Antibacterial Activity of Green-Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Against Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Pathogens 3484 3496 115520 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.040 EN Sura Qusay Ali Department of Biology, College of Education, Aliraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq Hadeel Fayyadh Abbas Department of Laser Science and Technology, Applied Science College, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq Farah Abdulkareem College of Medicine, Ibn Sina University of Medical and Pharmaceutical sciences, Baghdad, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 26 Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria emergence is a major threat to the worldwide health care and novel antimicrobial agents have been developed. The eco friendly, cost effective and environmentally sustainable synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO nanoparticles) using pomegranate peel extract (Punica granatum L.) as a bio reducing and stabilizing agent is revealed in this study. Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were utilized to examine the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. UV-Vis analysis showed a characteristic absorption peak at 301 nm, and XRD analysis showed a hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure with an average crystallite size of about 11 nm. TEM imaging showed ultra-fine, quasi spherical primary nanoparticles, mostly in the size range of 4 to 8 nm, belonging to the domain of quantum confinement. FTIR confirmed the presence of organic corona on nanoparticle surface as a result of the existence of pomegranate phytoconstituents such as polyphenols and flavonoids. The antimicrobial activity was performed on clinical multidrug resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae by using agar well diffusion method. Results across all strains showed significant inhibitory effects that were dose dependent. The most sensitive strain was Staphylococcus aureus, which showed 44 mm inhibitory zone at a concentration of 81.38 mg/mL. The zones were somewhat smaller (16-28 mm) due to the complex cell wall structure of Gram-negative bacteria, however, the synthesized ZnO-NPs showed great effectiveness in combating these pathogens. The findings suggest that green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles are a promising alternative for the treatment of nosocomial infections. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115520_16ac7776d707a4808581b152e074e4eb.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Sol–Gel Auto-Combustion Synthesis of ZnS Nanoparticles and Their Influence on the Thermal Conductivity and Mechanical Performance of Epoxy Nanocomposites 115521 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.041 EN Hind W. Abdullah Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq F. Y Mohammed Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq Zahraa J. Hamakhan Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq Sarah A. Jasim Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq N. A. Hassan Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq Khalil Taha Jadaan Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 22 A series of ZnS semiconductor nanoparticles were synthesized successfully by sol–gel method with zinc nitrate and thiourea as precursors of Zn and S, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a cubic crystalline phase. Diffraction peaks A-C had the lattice parameter values (a) were 5.349, 5.374 and 5.383 Å respectively which shows good agreement with usual cubic ZnS structure. The crystallite size was found to be 28.549 nm, confirming the nanocrystalline nature of the prepared sample. The strain (ε) values were found to be 0.0013, 0.00095, and 0.0018 for the main diffraction peaks, indicating slight lattice distortion in the synthesized nanoparticles. FESEM was used to determine the particle size and surface morphology of the synthesized ZnS nanoparticles, revealing nearly spherical particles with noticeable agglomeration and an average particle size of around 66.87 nm. Epoxy/ZnS nanocomposites were hand- lay-up at room temperature, ZnS nanoparticles was added at (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6) wt%. Adding ZnS nanoparticles to epoxy significantly increases thermal conductivity (from 0.42 to ~0.89 W·m−1·K−1) as filler loading rises (0–6 wt%). Finally, epoxy/ZnS nanocomposites were a sustainability application, thermally conductive, durable encapsulates for photovoltaic (solar) modules to improve heat dissipation, extend module lifetime, and increase energy yield. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115521_fbc5aaef08d2e06619996374655e6688.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Design of Bio-Prepared Nanoelectrochemical Sensors Using Plant Extracts for Detection of Heavy Metals in Industrial Water 3506 3518 115522 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.042 EN Fatma H. Abdulla Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq Zainab Talib Abd Al-Kadhum Department of Plant Production Technologies, College of Al-Musaib Technical, University of Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical, Babylon, Iraq Dhuha T. Al-Sultani Polymer Engineering and Petrochemical Industries Department, University of Babylon, Iraq Journal Article 2026 03 09 This work was conducted to develop and test biosynthesized electrochemical nanosensors from the plants Ficus elastica and Acalypha indica for the detection of lead (Pb²⁺), cadmium (Cd²⁺), and mercury (Hg²⁺) ions in industrial wastewater, river water, and groundwater. Metal oxides and metal nanoparticles (CuO, Ag, and ZnO) were obtained from these sensors. Carbon paste (CPE) electrodes were modified using biosynthesized nanomaterials and polyaniline (PANI) to form the electrochemical sensors. The sensor voltage was measured using cyclic voltage (CV) and square wave voltage (SWV). The developed sensors exhibited detection limits ranging from 0.07 to 0.16 µg/L. Sensor recovery rates on real, supported industrial water samples ranged from 97% to 104%, confirming the sensors’ effectiveness and high analytical sensitivity. Green synthesis offers a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and sustainable pathway for producing high-performance electrochemical sensors used in the field monitoring of heavy metals in industrial environments. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115522_bb1bec32db89e84ea1a8ca02884f11dc.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Synergistic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles with Tamoxifen for Breast Cancer: A Review 3519 3528 115525 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.043 EN Kabira Qurbonova Department Information Technologies, Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Tashkent, Uzbekistane Mukhitdinov Shukhrat Ziyavitdinovich Department of Economics, Namangan State Technical University, Namangan, Uzbekistan Matyokubov Utkir Karimovich Department of Data Transmission Networks and Systems, Urgench State University named after Abu Rayhan Biruni, Urgench, Uzbekistan Holida Kodirova Department of English Linguistics, Bukhara State University, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Israilova Guljannat Pardabayevna Department of Obstetric and Gynecology N3, Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Dilfuza Axmedova Department of Agronomy, Navoi State University of Mining and Technologies, Navoiy, Uzbekistan Sultanboy Jumanazarov Department of Faculty and Hospital Therapy №2, Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Tashkent State Medical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Ismailov Alisher Muratbaevich Department of Art Science, Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh, Nukus, Republic of Karakalpakstan Nilufar Shodiyeva Department of Endocrinology, Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Gulmirakhon Iminjonova Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Andijan State Medical Institute, Andijan, Uzbekistan Gulmirakhon Tolliboyeva Fergana Medical Institute of Public Health, Fergana, Uzbekistan Shakhnoza Batiralieva Department of Russian Language and Teaching Methods, Tashkent State Pedagogical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Gulchehra Umarova Andijan State Technical Institute, Andijan, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2026 03 15 Breast cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies to improve treatment outcomes. Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has been a cornerstone in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer therapy but is often limited by drug resistance and adverse effects. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as promising nanomaterials due to their inherent anticancer properties, including apoptosis induction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cell cycle disruption. Recent investigations suggest that the combination of AgNPs with tamoxifen can produce a synergistic effect, enhancing cytotoxicity while potentially reducing tamoxifen dosage and associated side effects. This review critically examines the mechanisms underlying this synergy, exploring AgNP synthesis methods, physicochemical characteristics, and their interaction with tamoxifen in preclinical models. By analyzing current findings, we highlight the potential of AgNP-based combinatorial therapy to overcome treatment limitations and improve therapeutic precision in breast cancer. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115525_fa0ece341e7142538abefb0c8e73a3b3.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Synthesis and Study Implications of Including Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles on Electrical and Thermal Properties of PVA/PAA Blend Films 3529 3536 115526 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.044 EN Yaqoub Yousif Mahmood Physics Department, College of Science, University of Diyala, Iraq Yaqoob Mohammed Jawad Physics Department, College of Science, University of Diyala, Iraq Journal Article 2025 06 06 Pure PVA/PAA polymer films, manufactured by solution casting technique, reinforced with cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CoO NPs) calcined at temperatures (800 ºC), at different weight percentages (pure, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9) wt%. XRD analysis of the as-synthesized nanomaterial powder indicated that cobalt oxide nanoparticles were obtained at the calcination temperature (800 °C). Heat treatment promotes continued crystallization, leading to an expansion in the dimensions of nanoparticles. The electrical properties revealed a substantial enhancement in both the (ε’), (tanδ) and σ (a.c.) of the reinformed polymer blends. The thermal properties of the films reinforced with cobalt oxide nanoparticles show an increase in the thermal conductivity (K) of the prepared films with increasing reinforcement ratios. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115526_876928c68fc7c6b62987dd67c4575096.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 Study of the Effect of Laser Irradiation on Some Structural, Optical and Electrical Savor of Se75S25-xSnx Thin Film Ready by Vacuum Thermal Evaporation Technique 3535 3545 115527 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.045 EN Salah El-Din Tareq Mahmoud Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq Jaafar Sadiq Mohammed Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq Journal Article 2025 06 06 This research involves the preparation of (400 ± 20) nm thick Se75S25-xSnx thin films by vacuum thermal evaporation method on glass Slides and studying the effect of laser irradiation on some structural, optical and electrical savor of the films. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the films have a random structure at (x = 0 and 5) while single crystal growth starts at (x = 10, 15). After laser irradiation, the diffraction pattern shows an improvement in crystal growth and all films are polycrystalline. FESEM examination also shows a clear effect on the surface morphology of the films exposed to the laser. By measuring the transmittance and absorbance spectra in the wavelength scope (400 - 1100 nm), it was found that the transmittance decreases and the absorbance increases as a function of wavelength with increasing tin content before and after irradiation. It is also shown that the absorbance of the films decreases after laser irradiation while the transmittance increases. The energy gap for the allowed direct transition was also calculated and it was found to decrease with increasing tin content before and after irradiation. It also decreases with irradiation, but the effect of irradiation decreases with increasing metal content. Hall effect analysis revealed that the films prepared before irradiation at (x = 0 and 5) are of the P type, while at (x = 10, 15) they transform to the N type, and the conductivity increases with increasing tin content and the resistivity decreases. After irradiation, all films are of the N type, and the conductivity decreases with increasing tin content and the resistivity increases. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115527_d9c14956c081806ee280339e083c7e4d.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 An Aptamer-Driven MWCNT-MoS2/Ag Nanohybrid Sensor for Sensitive Ciprofloxacin Sensing in Water 3546 3557 115532 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.046 EN Serikbayeva Elmira Department of Organization, Management and Economics of Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Ashurova Maksuda Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Samarkand Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Avezova Mukhayyo Department of Biology, Bukhara State University, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Kholboev Yusufjon Medical Chemistry Department, Andijan State Medical Institute, Andijan, Uzbekistan Abdurakhmanov Rustam Department of Infocommunication Engineering, Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Abduraxmonova Tuxtapashsha Technical Department, Urgench RANCH University of Technology, Urgench, Uzbekistan Gulyamov Doniyor Department of Prevention of Dental Diseases, Tashkent State Medical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Khamidov Ilkhom Tashkent State Medical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Abdullayev Elmurod Department of Computer Engineering, Andijan State University, Andijan, Uzbekistan Kholmatov Mansurjon Department of Mining work, Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Ganieva Shakhzoda Department of Pediatrics No. 2, Bukhara State Medical Institute Named After Abu Ali Ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Nasiba Olimova Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Bafoeva Zarina Department of Neurology, Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Journal Article 2026 03 17 The widespread presence of antibiotic residues in aquatic environments poses significant risks to ecosystems and public health, necessitating the development of sensitive and reliable detection methods. In this study, we report a novel electrochemical aptasensor for the selective and sensitive determination of ciprofloxacin in water samples, based on a multiwalled carbon nanotube-molybdenum disulfide/silver nanohybrid modified glassy carbon electrode. The MWCNT-MoS2/Ag nanocomposite was synthesized through a sequential approach involving carboxylation of MWCNTs, exfoliation and assembly of MoS2 nanosheets, and in situ reduction of silver nanoparticles. Comprehensive characterization using FESEM, FT-IR, and TGA confirmed the successful formation of the ternary nanohybrid with uniform distribution of components and enhanced thermal stability. A ciprofloxacin-specific aptamer was covalently immobilized onto the nanohybrid-modified electrode surface via amide bond formation, providing high specificity for target recognition. Under optimized conditions, the fabricated aptasensor exhibited a wide linear response ranging from 0.5 nM to 750 nM ciprofloxacin, with a low detection limit of 0.18 nM (S/N = 3). The sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity against potentially interfering substances, good reproducibility with relative standard deviation of 4.3%, and acceptable storage stability retaining 86.2% of initial response after four weeks. Furthermore, successful application to spiked environmental water samples with recoveries between 95.8% and 98.3% confirmed the practical utility of the proposed sensing platform for monitoring ciprofloxacin residues in real water matrices. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115532_238dac49ab1ff9f628736fe598fd3435.pdf

University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 16 3 2026 07 01 A New NH2-MIL-88B(Fe) Enhanced Carbon Paste Sensor: Simultaneous Determination of Dopamine and Phenylalanine 3558 3574 115533 10.22052/JNS.2026.03.047 EN Monir Ebrahimipure Institute of Nano Science and Nano Technology, University of Kashan, Kashan, I.R. Iran Mehdi Shabani-Nooshabadi Institute of Nano Science and Nano Technology, University of Kashan, Kashan, I.R. Iran Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, I.R. Iran Journal Article 2026 03 05 The precise monitoring of dopamine, a vital neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of mood, cognition, and motor control, is of great importance. In this context, carbon paste electrodes have attracted considerable attention due to their ease of preparation, cost‑effectiveness, and ability to be modified for enhanced sensitivity and accuracy. In the present study, NH₂‑MIL‑88B(Fe) was synthesized and characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses, and subsequently employed to modify a carbon paste electrochemical sensor for the detection of dopamine in human and pharmaceutical samples and in the presence of phenylalanine. The synergistic effect of the synthesized metal–organic framework (MOF) combined with graphite led to a remarkable improvement in sensor performance, providing a wide linear response range from 0.7–100 μM and 100–900 μM, with an exceptionally low detection limit of 0.18 μM for dopamine, indicative of the high performance of the optimized electrode. Kinetic analysis further revealed a transfer coefficient (α) of 0.8 and a diffusion coefficient (D) of 4.3 × 10⁻⁶ cm²/s. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115533_8fa0b42a401dd31b165e455ba0ba9d96.pdf