University of Kashan Journal of Nanostructures 2251-7871 15 4 2025 10 01 Intelligent Nano Polyvinylidene Fluoride impact On Initial Carious Lesions (An in vitro study) 2046 2059 115114 10.22052/JNS.2025.04.045 EN Athraa Sarhan Awadh College of dentistry, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq Maha Jamal Abbas College of dentistry, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq Hayder Hamed Abed College of dentistry, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq Journal Article 2025 06 30 The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of nano polyvinylidene fluoride at three concentrations (1.26%, 2.26%, and 3.26%) in comparison to 2.26% sodium fluoride varnish, in enhancing enamel microhardness and surface morphology. Fifty-seven extracted permanent teeth were sampled. Vickers microhardness testing measured enamel hardness, while FE-SEM examined surface morphology after treatment with different materials. The statistical analysis involved repeated measures ANOVA to assess differences among the study groups, followed by pairwise post hoc tests to compare surface microhardness means and recovery percentages (SMHR%) along with their standard deviations. In terms of enamel microhardness enhancement, all evaluated Nano PVDF concentrations performed similarly to or better than NaF varnish. The 3.26% nano-PVDF concentration was the most effective, generating a dense, homogeneous crystalline layer as demonstrated by FE-SEM. Lower concentrations of nano-PVDF (1.26% and 2.26%) showed significant remineralization effects, similar to NaF. Nano-PVDF, especially at 3.26%, offers improved remineralization with lower toxicity than fluoride. At lower concentrations, nano-PVDF was equally effective as sodium fluoride varnish, suggesting it could be a safer and more effective preventive dental solution. Assessing its long-term clinical performance requires further research. https://jns.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115114_7a30fe1ddcb30725e797a9de4f26811d.pdf